Nazariy grammatika (Practice version 0.4)

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NAZARIY GRAMMATIKA
TOTAL 327 Questions
PRACTICE VERSION 0.4

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1. What does the term “grammar” mean?
   1.   art of writing
   2.   art of speaking correctly
   3.   art of writing and speaking correctly
   4.   art of speaking
2. What are the main types of grammar?
   1.   Grammar may be prescriptive and descriptive
   2.   Grammar may be practical and theoretical
   3.   Grammar may be synthetically and analytical
   4.   Grammar may be segmental and supra segmental
3. The aim of practical grammar is ......
   1.   to offer explanation for the rules
   2.   dealing with the language as a functional system
   3.   the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences
   4.   to embrace the whole study of language
4. The aim of theoretical grammar is ......
   1.   to offer explanation for the rules
   2.   dealing with the language as a functional system
   3.   the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences
   4.   to embrace the whole study of language
5. How many models of description exist in Linguistics?
   1.   4
   2.   2
   3.   5
   4.   3
6. The models of linguistic description are:
   1.   semantic, syntactic, pragmatic
   2.   phonetic, lexical, grammatical
   3.   synthetical and analytical
   4.   morphology and syntax
7. What relation is studied by semantics?
   1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
   2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
   3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
   4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
8. What relation is studied by syntactics?
   1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
   2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
   3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
   4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
9. What relation is studied by pragmatics?
   1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
   2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
   3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
   4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
10. What are the levels in the structure of language?
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   phonological, morphological, syntactical
    3.   phonetic, lexical, grammatical
    4.   phonological, morphological, syntactical, supersyntactical
11. How is similarity and likeness of organization of linguistic units called?
    1.   isomorphism
    2.   content side
    3.   expression side
    4.   suppletivity
12. What is the level unit of the supersyntactical level?
    1.   text
    2.   word group
    3.   sentence
    4.   word
13. What is the level unit of the syntactical level?
    1.   text
    2.   word group
    3.   phoneme
    4.   word
14. What is the level unit of the morphological level?
    1.   text
    2.   word group
    3.   sentence
    4.   word
15. What is the level unit of the phonological level?
    1.   phoneme
    2.   word group
    3.   sentence
    4.   word
16. What relations can linguistic unit enter?
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   segmental and supra segmental
    3.   morphological and syntactical
    4.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic
17. How do we call the relations with all the units that can also occur in the same environment?
    1.   paradigmatic
    2.   syntagmatic
    3.   synthetic
    4.   analytic
18. How do we call the relations with other units of the same level it occurs with?
    1.   paradigmatic
    2.   syntagmatic
    3.   synthetic
    4.   analytic
19. According to different principles of similarity paradigmatic relations can be ........
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   expressive and nominative
    3.   semantic, formal and functional
    4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
20. According to different principles of similarity syntagmatic relations can be ........
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   expressive and nominative
    3.   semantic, formal and functional
    4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
21. Semantic PR are based on ..........
    1.   the similarity of meaning
    2.   the similarity of form
    3.   the similarity of function
    4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
22. Formal Paradigmatic Relations are based on ..........
    1.   the similarity of meaning
    2.   the similarity of form
    3.   the similarity of function
    4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
23. Functional PR are based on ..........
    1.   the similarity of meaning
    2.   the similarity of form
    3.   the similarity of function
    4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
24. Coordinate SR are the relations of......
    1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
    2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
    3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
    4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
25. Subordinate SR are the relations of.......
    1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
    2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
    3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
    4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
26. Predicative SR are the relations of.......
    1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
    2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
    3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
    4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
27. Indo-European languages are classified into two structural types....
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   expressive and nominative
    3.   semantic, formal and functional
    4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
28. How are synthetic languages defined?
    1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
    2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
    3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
    4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
29. How are analytic languages defined?
    1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
    2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
    3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
    4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
30. How is expressive unit defined?
    1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
    2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
    3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
    4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
31. How is nominative unit defined?
    1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
    2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
    3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
    4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
32. What is lexical meaning?
    1.   the individual meaning of the word
    2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
33. What is grammatical meaning?
    1.   the individual meaning of the word
    2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
34. What classes of words are devoid of any lexical meaning and possess the grammatical meaning only?
    1.   nouns and pronouns
    2.   adjectives and adverbs
    3.   verbids
    4.   articles, particles, prepositions
35. What are types of grammatical meaning?
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   expressive and nominative
    3.   implicit and explicit
    4.   general and dependent
36. What are types of implicit meaning?
    1.   synthetic and analytic
    2.   expressive and nominative
    3.   implicit and explicit
    4.   general and dependent
37. What is implicit grammatical meaning?
    1.   the individual meaning of the word
    2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
38. What is explicit grammatical meaning?
    1.   the individual meaning of the word
    2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
39. What is general grammatical meaning?
    1.   meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech
    2.   the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
40. What is dependent grammatical meaning?
    1.   meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech
    2.   the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech
    3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
    4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
41. Due to dialectal unity of language and thought, grammatical categories correlate with...
    1.   conceptual categories and objective reality
    2.   meaning and form
    3.   lexical and grammatical meanings
    4.   conceptual reality and objective reality
42. How do we call the grammatical categories that have references in the objective reality?
    1.   significational categories
    2.   referential grammatical categories
    3.   oppositional categories
    4.   transpositional categories
43. How do we call the grammatical categories that correlate only with conceptual matters?
    1.   significational categories
    2.   referential grammatical categories
    3.   oppositional categories
    4.   transpositional categories
44. What grammatical categories can we include into referential grammatical categories?
    1.   degree and number
    2.   mood and tense
    3.   tense and number
    4.   mood and degree
45. What grammatical categories can we include into significational grammatical categories?
    1.   degree and number
    2.   mood and tense
    3.   tense and number
    4.   mood and degree
46. How do we call the relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and external signs?
    1.   transposition
    2.   neutralization
    3.   opposition
    4.   means of realization
47. How can we define the grammatical category?
    1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
    2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
    3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
    4.   the means of realization
48. What is a set of words with the same explicit grammatical meaning?
    1.   form-class
    2.   word-group
    3.   word-class
    4.   word-form
49. What is transposition?
    1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
    2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
    3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
    4.   the means of realization
50. What is neutralization?
    1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
    2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
    3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
    4.   the means of realization
51. How many approaches exist in classifying words into parts of speech?
    1.   3
    2.   4
    3.   5
    4.   2
52. What are approaches to the problem of parts of speech?
    1.   classical, functional, distributional, complex
    2.   meaning, form, function
    3.   traditional, structural, transformational
    4.   transposition and neutralization
53. Сlassical approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
    1.   functional and nominative
    2.   declinable and indeclinable
    3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
    4.   semantic, formal, functional
54. Functional approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
    1.   nominative and particles
    2.   declinable and indeclinable
    3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
    4.   semantic, formal, functional
55. Who is the founder of functional approach?
    1.   Charles Fries
    2.   Blokh
    3.   Henry sweet
    4.   Naom Chomsky
56. Distributional approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
    1.   nominative and particles
    2.   declinable and indeclinable
    3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
    4.   semantic, formal, functional
57. Who is the founder of distributional approach?
    1.   Charles Fries
    2.   Blokh
    3.   Henry sweet
    4.   Naom Chomsky
58. What criteria are discriminated parts of speech in modern linguistics?
    1.   nominative and particles
    2.   declinable and indeclinable
    3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
    4.   semantic, formal, functional
59. What does semantic criterion presuppose?
    1.   the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
    2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
    3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
    4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
60. What does formal criterion reveal?
    1.   the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
    2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
    3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
    4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
61. What does functional criterion concern?
    1.   a. the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
    2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
    3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
    4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
62. How can we define notional words?
    1.   those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances
    2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
    3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
    4.   those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. – words with the corresponding references in the objective reality
63. How can we define function words?
    1.   those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances
    2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
    3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
    4.   those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. – words with the corresponding references in the objective reality
64. What does the noun possess?
    1.   substantiality
    2.   verbiality
    3.   substantival property
    4.   property of process
65. According to the type of nomination nouns may be......
    1.   countable and uncountable
    2.   human and non-human
    3.   animate and inanimate
    4.   proper and common
66. According to the form of existence nouns may be......
    1.   countable and uncountable
    2.   human and non-human
    3.   animate and inanimate
    4.   proper and common
67. According to the quantitative structure nouns may be......
    1.   countable and uncountable
    2.   human and non-human
    3.   animate and inanimate
    4.   proper and common
68. What is the classification of nouns according to their structure?
    1.   simple and derived
    2.   simple, derived, compound
    3.   simple, derived, compound, composite
    4.   compound and composite
69. What are the most common noun determiners?
    1.   articles and pronouns
    2.   adjectives and numerals
    3.   nouns themselves in the common and genitive case
    4.   All above mentioned
70. What does the singular form not denote?
    1.   oneness
    2.   generalization
    3.   indiscreteness
    4.   the inner discreteness
71. What does the plurar form not denote?
    1.   the existence of several objects
    2.   generalization
    3.   pluralia tantum
    4.   the inner discreteness
72. What are subdivisions of all nouns?
    1.   The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed
    2.   The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context
    3.   The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context
    4.   All above mentioned
73. What does the case express?
    1.   the relation of a word to another word in the word-group or sentence
    2.   the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity
    3.   homogenous number forms
    4.   syntactical and lexical correlation in the context
74. What scope of meaning is not rendered by the Generative case?
    1.   subjective and objective genitive
    2.   adverbial and equation genitive
    3.   discreteness and indiscreetness genitive
    4.   possessive genitive
75. What point does not exist concerning case category?
    1.   there are two cases
    2.   there are no cases at all, the form`s is optional because the same relations may be expressed by the ‘of-phrase’
    3.   there are 6 cases
    4.   there is only one case form
76. Ch.Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him how many cases exist in English grammar?
    1.   there are two cases
    2.   there are three cases
    3.   there are 6 cases
    4.   there is only one case form
77. What does M. Blokh state according the category of gender?
    1.   the existence of the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the correlation of nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it).
    2.   nouns have no category of gender in Modern English
    3.   not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being
    4.   the category of gender should not be confused with the category of sex, because sex is an objective biological category
78. What does Ilyish state according the category of gender?
    1.   the existence of the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the correlation of nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it).
    2.   nouns have no category of gender in Modern English
    3.   not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being
    4.   the category of gender should not be confused with the category of sex, because sex is an objective biological category
79. What does the adjective possess?
    1.   substantiality
    2.   verbiality
    3.   substantival property
    4.   property of process
80. What does the adjective have combinability with?
    1.   nouns, link-verbs, adverbs
    2.   nouns and verbs
    3.   verbs and adverbs
    4.   nouns, pronouns, link verbs
81. What is the classification of adjectives according to their structure?
    1.   simple and derived
    2.   simple, derived, compound
    3.   simple, derived, compound, composite
    4.   compound and composite
82. What is the semantical classification of adjectives?
    1.   animate and inanimate
    2.   human and non-human
    3.   relative and qualitative
    4.   proper and common
83. What do the statives denote?
    1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
    2.   substantival property
    3.   secondary property
    4.   substantiality
84. Who was the first to identify statives as a separate part of speech in English?
    1.   B.Khaimovich
    2.   L.Scherba
    3.   B. Ilyish
    4.   M. Blokh
85. How did B.Khaimovich and B.Rogovskaya call the statives?
    1.   stative words
    2.   words of category of state
    3.   predicative adjectives
    4.   adlinks
86. How do statives differ from adjectives?
    1.   they are built up by the prefix a-, do not have the category of comparison and are not used as pre-posed attributes
    2.   they can be used as post-posed attributes
    3.   they can be homogeneous parts of a word-group
    4.   though the prefix a- is viewed as the formal mark of the statives there are words expressing state which are devoid of this mark
87. What are similarities of the statives and adjectives?
    1.   they are built up by the prefix a-
    2.   have the category of comparison
    3.   used as pre-posed attributes
    4.   they can be used as post-posed attributes
88. Which stative can not be separated into the prefix and the root?
    1.   alike, alive
    2.   aware, afraid
    3.   afire, afoot
    4.   astir, asleep
89. What do the adverbs denote?
    1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
    2.   substantival property
    3.   secondary property
    4.   substantiality
90. What are typical suffixes of adverbs?
    1.   –ful, - ous
    2.   –er, -est
    3.   -en, - ify, - ize
    4.   – wards, -wise, -ly
91. What combinabilities do the adverbs have?
    1.   verbs, adjectives
    2.   verbs, nouns
    3.   adjectives, nouns
    4.   predicatives
92. What are subdivisions of adverb semantically?
    1.   qualitative and relative
    2.   qualitative, quantitative, and circumstantial
    3.   proper and common
    4.   qualitative and quantitative
93. What do qualitative adverbs denote?
    1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
    2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
    3.   properties of actions
    4.   properties of substance
94. What do quantitative adverbs denote?
    1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
    2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
    3.   properties of actions
    4.   properties of substance
95. What do circumstantial adverbs denote?
    1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
    2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
    3.   properties of actions
    4.   properties of substance
96. Choose examples to quantitative adverbs?
    1.   fast, loudly, slowly
    2.   hardly, scarcely, nearly
    3.   near, far late, soon
    4.   now , here, there
97. Choose examples to circumstantial adverbs?
    1.   fast, loudly, slowly
    2.   hardly, scarcely, nearly
    3.   near, far, late, soon
    4.   almost, enough, quite
98. Who proposes to treat words of the type quick –quickly, loud –loudly as belonging to the same part of speech but having different combinability?
    1.   A. Smirnitsky
    2.   M. Blokh
    3.   B.Khaimovich and B.Rogovskaya
    4.   L.Scherba
99. What does the verb denote?
    1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
    2.   substantival property
    3.   secondary property
    4.   verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time
100. What are common categories for finite and non-finite forms?
     1.   tense, aspect
     2.   voice, mood
     3.   voice, aspect
     4.   person, number
101. What categories of the verb have only synthetical forms?
     1.   tense, aspect
     2.   voice, mood
     3.   voice, aspect
     4.   person, number
102. What categories of the verb have only analytical forms?
     1.   tense
     2.   voice
     3.   aspect
     4.   Mood
103. What categories of the verb have both synthetical and analytical forms?
     1.   tense, aspect, voice
     2.   voice, mood, aspect
     3.   mood, tense, aspect
     4.   person, number, tense
104. What principles of classifications of the verbs do you know?
     1.   morphological, lexical-morphological, syntactical and functional.
     2.   functional and notional
     3.   stative and dynamic
     4.   terminative and durative
105. According what classification do all verbs fall into: simple, sound-replacive, stress-replacive, expanded (with the help of suffixes and prefixes), composite, phrasal
     1.   Morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
106. According what classification do all verbs fall into: transitive and intransitive, stative and dynamic, terminative and durative.
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
107. According what classification do all verbs fall into: directed (to see, to take, etc.) and non-directed action (to arrive, to drizzle, etc.)
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
108. According what classification do all verbs fall into: notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   Functional
109. What does the grammatical category of voice express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
110. The category is restricted because of the implicit grammatical meaning of........
     1.   transitivity/intransitivity
     2.   functional/ notional
     3.   stative / dynamic
     4.   terminative/ durative
111. Which voice do these sentences express :
     The door opened; The book sells easily; The dress washes well
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
112. Which voice do these sentences express :
     He dressed; He washed
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
113. Which voice do these sentences express :
     They met; They kissed each other
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
114. What does the grammatical category of tense express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
115. What view points do you know about existence of future tense?
     1.   "will" and "shall" do not occur in many sentences that refer to the future
     2.   future tenses are often treated as partly modal
     3.   "will" and "shall" occur in sentences with a future time reference only
     4.   future tenses are often treated as partly tense
116. What does the grammatical category of aspect express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
117. What are semantic features of continuous form?
     1.   duration – definiteness
     2.   transitivity - intransitivity
     3.   stative - dynamic
     4.   definite – indefinite
118. How do we call the following words: think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own
     1.   progressive
     2.   non-progressive
     3.   standard
     4.   non-standard
119. What term is used to define non finite forms in more recent studies?
     1.   verbal
     2.   aspect
     3.   phase
     4.   verbid
120. What is the lexico-grammatical meaning of verbids?
     1.   a substance
     2.   a quality or a property
     3.   a secondary property
     4.   Action presented as a substance or a qualifying action
121. It originated from the noun and at present combines nounal and verbal features:
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
122. How do we call infinitival "to" ?
     1.   partical
     2.   auxiliary word
     3.   preposition
     4.   link word
123. What is the only non finite form of the verb that combines with the modal verb to form a compound modal verbal predicate?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
124. It has more of the noun than the any of verbids as it became part of the verb system much later......
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
125. What forms do infinitive and gerund comprise?
     1.   perfect/indefinite and active/passive
     2.   active/passive and present/past
     3.   indicative/imperative and perfect/indefinite
     4.   present/past and perfect/indefinite
126. Which of non finites often denotes an imperfective action ?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
127. Which of non finites serves to convey a perfective action?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
128. What follows such verbs as to hope, to promise, to refuse, to offer, etc?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
129. What follows after to avoid, to delay, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to keep on, to suggest, etc?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
130. Who stated the following: the infinitive, the gerund and the verbal noun present a process essentially as a substance but the infinitive shows the process as dynamic; the gerund, as semi-dynamic; the verbal noun, as static?
     1.   Ilyish
     2.   Sherba
     3.   Blokh
     4.   Kaushanskaya
131. Which of the non finites combines the features of the finite verb with those of the adjective and the adverb?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle
     4.   bare infinitive
132. What morphologically coincides with the gerund?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
133. What qualities does participle combine?
     1.   verbal and nounal
     2.   verbal and adverbial
     3.   verbal and adjectival
     4.   verbal, adjectival, and adverbial
134. What is the form of underlined word, e.g. The writing of the diploma turned out to be more "timeconsuming" than she had expected.
     1.   gerund
     2.   participle I
     3.   continuous form
     4.   verbal noun
135. The use of Participle II outside analytical formations (like has done or will be done) is comparatively limited. In such cases it is used as.....
     1.   perfect form
     2.   predicative and post posed attribute
     3.   pre posed and post posed attribute
     4.   separate participle
136. How can such forms as been, laughed, run, sat, lain, wept, etc. can appear?
     1.   within a perfect form
     2.   post posed attribute
     3.   pre posed attribute
     4.   separate participle
137. Which non finite form has no category of aspect?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
138. What combinability do articles and particles have?
     1.   Unilateral
     2.   bilateral
     3.   right hand
     4.   left hand
139. What combinability do prepositions and conjunctions have?
     1.   Unilateral
     2.   bilateral
     3.   right hand
     4.   left hand
140. What is the function of articles and particles?
     1.   substituting
     2.   generalizing
     3.   linking
     4.   specifying
141. What is the function of prepositions and conjunctions?
     1.   substituting
     2.   generalizing
     3.   linking
     4.   specifying
142. What features do not exist in classifying semi notional parts of speech?
     1.   lexico grammatical meaning
     2.   combinability and function
     3.   Grammatical category and stem building elements
     4.   combinability and stem building elements
143. What do prepositions express?
     1.   show the relation of one noun to another, which reflects the relations of the corresponding substances in the word of reality
     2.   used to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     3.   general meaning, the object in this case is considered as substance in general
     4.   expresses the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
144. What is the function of "in" and "up" in the following sentences:
     He was in the room, He walked up the hill?
     1.   notional function
     2.   auxiliary function
     3.   homonyms
     4.   phonetic coincidence
145. What is the function of "in" and "up" in the following sentences:
     He came in , He walked up?
     1.   notional function
     2.   auxiliary function
     3.   homonyms
     4.   phonetic coincidence
146. The nature of the relation of conjunctions is usually divided into:……
     1.   notional and functional
     2.   bilateral and unilateral
     3.   compound and composite
     4.   coordinating and subordinating
147. What do coordinating conjunctions connect?
     1.   homogenous elements
     2.   clauses
     3.   words
     4.   sentences
148. What do subordinating conjunctions connect?
     1.   homogenous elements
     2.   clauses
     3.   words
     4.   sentences
149. Coordinating conjunctions arc used to connect both words and clauses in…….
     1.   composite sentences
     2.   compound sentences
     3.   complex sentences
     4.   simple sentences
150. Subordinating conjunctions arc used to connect both words and clauses in…….
     1.   composite sentences
     2.   compound sentences
     3.   complex sentences
     4.   simple sentences
151. How many cases of using articles do we have in modern English and what are they?
     1.   two: definite and indefinite
     2.   only definite
     3.   only indefinite
     4.   three: definite, indefinite and zero, the absence of the article
152. When is indefinite article used?
     1.   to denote the object which is considered as one of the representatives of the called class of objects and therefore it is a classifying article
     2.   with proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
153. When can abstract uncountable nouns occur with indefinite article?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   with proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
154. What does zero article express?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
155. What do particles express?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
156. What does morphology deal with?
     1.   the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
     2.   the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts
     3.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of phonological units
     4.   lexical categories and their realization
157. What does syntax deal with?
     1.   the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
     2.   the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts
     3.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of phonological units
     4.   lexical categories and their realization
158. What is the main point of the Transformational-Generative Grammar concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
159. How many kernels are commonly associated with the English language in defining sentences according the Transformational-Generative Grammar
     1.   4
     2.   5
     3.   6
     4.   7
160. What is the main point of the Constructional Syntax concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
161. What is constructionally significant element in the following sentence according Constructional Syntax: I saw him there yesterday?
     1.   him
     2.   there
     3.   yesterday
     4.   him and there
162. What are constructionally insignificant elements in the following sentence according Constructional Syntax: I saw him there yesterday?
     1.   him and there
     2.   there and yesterday
     3.   yesterday
     4.   saw and him
163. What is the main point of the Communicative Syntax concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
164. What is theme in the sentence according communicative syntax?
     1.   speech act
     2.   different intention
     3.   something that is known already
     4.   some new information
165. What is rheme in the sentence according communicative syntax?
     1.   speech act
     2.   different intention
     3.   something that is known already
     4.   some new information
166. What is the main point of the Pragmatic Approach concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
167. Who was the first to introduce Speech Act Theory?
     1.   Noam Chomsky
     2.   Mark Blokh
     3.   John Austin
     4.   Bloomfield
168. How is syntactic unit defined?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
169. What is syntactic meaning?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
170. What is syntactic form?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
171. What is syntactic function?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
172. What is syntactic position?
     1.   the position of an element
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
173. What are syntactic relations?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
174. What is Coordination?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
175. What are forms of connection within coordination?
     1.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level
     2.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
     3.   agreement, government , adjournment and enclosure
     4.   copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
176. What types of coordination exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
177. What is Subordination?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
178. What are forms of connection within subordination?
     1.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     2.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
     3.   agreement, government , adjournment and enclosure
     4.   copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
179. What kinds of subordination exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
180. What is Predication?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
181. kinds of predication exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
182. The most adequate definition to the word-group....
     1.   combination of at least two notional words which do not constitute the sentence but are syntactically connected
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
183. What are classifications of word-group according to the type of syntagmatic relations?
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
184. What are classifications of word-group according to the structure?
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
185. According to the nature of their heads, subordinate word-groups fall into......
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
186. What is the widely spread word group in English?
     1.   noun phrase
     2.   adjective phrase
     3.   adverbial phrase
     4.   pronoun phrase
187. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     two smart hard-working students?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   modification
188. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     Students from Boston?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   odification
189. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     two smart hard-working students from Boston?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   modification
190. What are classifications of Verb phrases according to the nature of their complements?
     1.   nominal, adverbial and mixed
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
191. What are classifications of Verb phrases according to the structure?
     1.   nominal, adverbial and mixed
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
192. What are the elements of the predicative word-group?
     1.   noun and finite form of the verb
     2.   finite form of the verb and adverb
     3.   noun and participial
     4.   noun, pronoun and non-finite form of the verb
193. What is sentence?
     1.   the smallest communicative unit
     2.   the smallest meaningful unit
     3.   a unit of language
     4.   a unit of speech
194. What is utterance?
     1.   the smallest communicative unit
     2.   the smallest meaningful unit
     3.   a unit of language
     4.   a unit of speech
195. What are the main categories of utterance?
     1.   subject and predicate
     2.   subject and object
     3.   theme and rheme
     4.   explicit and implicit
196. How can internal syntactic process be?
     1.   no changes in the structure of the parts of the sentence
     2.   those that cause new relations within a syntactic unit and lead to appearance of a new part of the sentence
     3.   inserting modal words and other discourse markers
     4.   the use of specifying words, most often particles
197. How can external syntactic process be?
     1.   no changes in the structure of the parts of the sentence
     2.   those that cause new relations within a syntactic unit and lead to appearance of a new part of the sentence
     3.   inserting modal words and other discourse markers
     4.   the use of specifying words, most often particles
198. What differs sentence from word or word group as a communicative language unit?
     1.   the relation of the denoted event to objective reality
     2.   expresses predicative meanings of tense, aspect, mood, etc
     3.   realization not only through the axis “subject – predicate”, but also through the secondary parts of the sentence
     4.   characterized by an intonation contour, sentence stress, predication, modality, and a relatively complete meaning
199. How do you denote elliptical sentences?
     1.   The main sphere of them is dialogue where the part of the sentence that is left out can be either supplied from the preceding sentence (pronounces by another speaker) or may be easily dispensed with
     2.   contain one or more than one predicative lines (axes)
     3.   only one of the principal parts is present the sentence
     4.   one or more of their parts left out
200. According to the purpose of communication, sentences fall into.......
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
201. According to the structure, sentences are divided..........
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
202. Depending on whether they contain one or more than one predicative lines, sentences are differentiated into.......
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
203. The semantic classification of the simple sentence is based on the following principles:
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
204. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: He came early?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
205. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: He who does not work neither shall he eat?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
206. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It (the dog) ran up to me?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
207. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It (my watch) is fast?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
208. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It is never late to learn?
     1.   personal
     2.   impersonal
     3.   verbal
     4.   nominal
209. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: The window is opening?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
210. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: The window is glistening?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
211. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: It rains ?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
212. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: It smells of hay ?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
213. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John lives in London ?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
214. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John is reading a book?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
215. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John is reading ?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
216. What is the classification of simple verbal predicate?
     1.   synthetic (come, comes, came) and analytical (will come, has come)
     2.   compound verbal aspect predicate and the compound verbal modal
     3.   compound nominal and compound verbal
     4.   modal nominal and aspect nominal
217. What is the classification of compound verbal predicate?
     1.   synthetic (come, comes, came) and analytical (will come, has come)
     2.   compound verbal aspect predicate and the compound verbal modal
     3.   compound nominal and compound verbal
     4.   modal nominal and aspect nominal
218. What does the object denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
219. What does the attribute denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
220. What does the adverbial modifier denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
221. What is the semantic classification of the object?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
222. What is the semantic classification of the attribute?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
223. What is the structural classification of the adverbial modifier?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
224. What are independent elements of the sentence?
     1.   secondary parts of the sentence
     2.   primary parts of the sentence
     3.   modal word or phrase, interjection, conjunct, a prepositional phrase, an infinitival or participial phrase, a clause
     4.   separate units of the sentence
225. Who introduced IC model of the sentence?
     1.   M.Blokh
     2.   N.Chomsky
     3.   J. Austen
     4.   Ch. Fries
226. Who introduced the terms “transform” and “transformation”?
     1.   M.Blokh
     2.   N.Chomsky
     3.   J. Austen
     4.   Ch. Fries
227. What is reduced kernel structure in English sentences proposed by Robert B. Lees?
     1.   N+V+O and N is N/Adj
     2.   N+V+O+D
     3.   N+V+O+D+D
     4.   N+V and N is N/Adj
228. What do composite sentences denote?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
229. The composite sentence is differentiated into.....
     1.   simple and compound
     2.   compound and complex
     3.   nominal and verbal
     4.   one member and two member
230. What is compound sentence?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
231. What is complex sentence?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
232. How do we call dominating clause in the complex sentence?
     1.   principle
     2.   head
     3.   subordinate
     4.   adjunct
233. How do we call dominated clause in the complex sentence?
     1.   principle
     2.   head
     3.   subordinate
     4.   adjunct
234. What are types of coordinate connection?
     1.   copulate, adversative, disjunctive, causative-consecutive
     2.   substantive-nominal, qualification –nominal, adverbial
     3.   monolithic complexes, optional subordinate connection, segregative complexes
     4.   subject, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses
235. What does copulate connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
236. What does adversative connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
237. What does disjunctive connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
238. What does causative-consecutive connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
239. According to the categorial principle subordinate clauses are classified into.....
     1.   copulate, adversative, disjunctive, causative-consecutive
     2.   substantive-nominal, qualification –nominal, adverbial
     3.   monolithic complexes, optional subordinate connection, segregative complexes
     4.   subject, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses
240. Who divided elementary complex sentences into one-member and two member sentences?
     1.   N.Chomsky
     2.   Ch.Fries
     3.   M. Blokh
     4.   N.Pospelov
241. What is one member elementary complex sentences?
     1.   a comparatively close (obligatory) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause is so closely related (formally and semantically) to the principal clause that the principal clause could not exist without it as a complete syntactic unit
     2.   a comparatively loose (optional) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the structural completeness of the principal clause
     3.   the subordinate clause is fused with the principal claused
     4.   the subordinate clause is governed by the valency of the verb in the principal clause
242. What is two member elementary complex sentences?
     1.   a comparatively close (obligatory) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause is so closely related (formally and semantically) to the principal clause that the principal clause could not exist without it as a complete syntactic unit
     2.   a comparatively loose (optional) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the structural completeness of the principal clause
     3.   the subordinate clause is fused with the principal claused
     4.   the subordinate clause is governed by the valency of the verb in the principal clause
243. In accord with the traditional classification, morphemes on the upper level are divided into …..
     1.   root and affixal
     2.   derivational and inflectional
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   prefixes and suffixes
244. What do the roots express?
     1.   the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word
     2.   the specificational part of the meaning of the word
     3.   the specifications being of lexico-semantic character
     4.   the specifications being of grammatico-semantic character.
245. What do the affixal express?
     1.   the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word
     2.   the specificational part of the meaning of the word
     3.   the specifications being of lexico-semantic character
     4.   the specifications being of grammatico-semantic character
246. "throughout" — a composite word, in which -"out" serves as..........
     1.   preposition
     2.   suffix
     3.   root
     4.   inflexion
247. What is the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word?
     1.   prefix + root + lexical suffix
     2.   prefix + root + grammatical suffix.
     3.   root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix.
     4.   prefix + root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix.
248. What are main types of distribution in the distributional analysis of morphemes?
     1.   root and affixal
     2.   derivational and inflectional
     3.   contrastive, non-contrastive and complementary
     4.   prefixes , suffixes and inflexions
249. What can be examples to contrastive distribution
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
250. What can be examples to non-contrastive distribution?
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
251. What can be examples to complementary distribution?
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
252. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the degree of self dependence?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
253. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the formal presentation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
254. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the segmental relation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
255. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the grammatical alternation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
256. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the linear characteristic?
     1.   continuous and discountinuous
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
257. What are productive bound morphemes?
     1.   -(e)s [-z, -s, -iz]; -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]
     2.   -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]; -ing
     3.   – er, - est
     4.   -(e)s [-z, -s, -iz]; -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]; -ing; -er, -est
258. How do we call the auxiliary word-morphemes?
     1.   root morphemes
     2.   bound morphemes
     3.   free morphemes
     4.   semi-bound morphemes
259. What are overt morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
260. What are covert morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
261. What are segmental morphemes?
     1.   considered signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound
     2.   functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
262. What are supra segmental morphemes?
     1.   considered signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound
     2.   functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
263. What are additive morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
264. What are replacive morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
265. What is privative opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
266. What is equipollent opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
267. What is gradual opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
268. Choose the example to privative morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
269. Choose the example to equipollent morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
270. Choose the example to gradual morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
271. What are classes of grammatical forms?
     1.   inner inflexion and outer inflexion
     2.   stress and intonation
     3.   synthetical and analytical
     4.   sound interchange and suppletivity
272. How are synthetical grammatical forms realised?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
273. How are analytical grammatical forms realised?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
274. What is inner inflexion?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
275. What is suppletivity?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
276. What is traditional grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
277. What is structural grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
278. What is transformational grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
279. What does the traditional school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
280. What does the structural school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components until they arrive at a discussion of the sentence itself
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
281. What does the transformational school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components until they arrive at a discussion of the sentence itself
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
282. Traditional grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
283. Structural grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
284. Transformational grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
285. How is traditional grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
286. How is structural grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
287. How is transformational grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
288. What is the weak spot of traditional grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
289. What is the weak spot of structural grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
290. What is the weak spot of transformational grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
291. What is the strong spot of traditional grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
292. What is the strong spot of structural grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
293. What is the strong spot of transformational grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
294. How is the traditional grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
295. How is the structural grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
296. How is the transformational grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
297. The aim of theoretical grammar is.....
     1.   to describe grammar rules that are necessary to understand and make sentences;
     2.   to analyze semantic structure of words and paradigmatic relations within vocabulary;
     3.   to describe and analyze the grammatical system of a language;
     4.   to describe the means of word formation and word-building patterns.
298. What is the proper correlation of the semantic approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
299. What is the proper correlation of the functional approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
300. What is the proper correlation of the formal approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   is based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
301. The major tense-distinction in English, according to modern morphological theory, is … .
     1.   best regarded as a contrast of past::non-past
     2.   described only as an opposition of past::present::future
     3.   best regarded as a contrast of present::non-present
     4.   described as an opposition of past::future
302. The grammatical frameworks known as … accounts for communicative aspects of language use.
     1.   Systemic functional grammar;
     2.   Transformational-generative grammar;
     3.   Structural grammar;
     4.   Generative semantics.
303. The Prague school mostly developed … approach in linguistics.
     1.   transformational;
     2.   stratificational;
     3.   structural;
     4.   functional;
304. Charles Fries introduced … .
     1.   parts of speech and function words
     2.   four major classes of words and fifteen form-classes
     3.   declinable and indeclinable parts of speech
     4.   notional and functional parts of speech
305. Which of the syntactic functions is not fulfilled by the noun in English?
     1.   subject;
     2.   predicate;
     3.   attribute;
     4.   object.
306. The verbids cannot function as:
     1.   The verbids cannot function as:
     2.   a predicate;
     3.   n object;
     4.   a subject;
307. Verbal features are combined with the features of the adjectives and the adverbs in:
     1.   the infinitive;
     2.   the gerund;
     3.   participle I and II
     4.   in all three
308. The following tense forms appeared later than others in the course of historical development:
     1.   the present tense forms;
     2.   the past tense forms;
     3.   the future tense forms
     4.   the future in the past
309. Modal shade of meaning is inherent for the verbal forms of:
     1.   the past tense;
     2.   the present tense;
     3.   the future tense.
     4.   the future in the past
310. Verbal aspective semantics in English is rendered:
     1.   only grammatically;
     2.   lexically and grammatically;
     3.   only lexically
     4.   syntactically
311. The category of voice in English includes:
     1.   two voice forms (active and passive);
     2.   three voice forms (active, passive and medial);
     3.   four voice forms (active, passive, medial and reflexive);
     4.   five voice forms (active, passive, medial, reflexive and reciprocal).
312. In which of the following sentences the combination of the verb to be with participle II is compound nominal predicate?
     1.   The door was painted.
     2.   The door is being painted.
     3.   The door was painted by the landlord
     4.   The was being painted
313. “The category of state words” in English (afraid, sorry, etc.) make:
     1.   a separate part of speech;
     2.   a subslass of the adjectives;
     3.   a subclass of the adverbs
     4.   a subclass of the adjectives and adverbs
314. The adverbs that belong to the following group can form the degrees of comparison:
     1.   qualitative
     2.   quantitative
     3.   circumstantial
     4.   relative
315. The most widely accepted theory of the category of case in English is:
     1.   “the theory of positional cases”;
     2.   “the theory of prepositional cases”;
     3.   “ the theory of possessive postpositive” ;
     4.   “ the theory of limited case”.
316. What is the approach of G.Vorontsova and B.Ilyish to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
317. What is the approach of H.Sweet and O.Jespersen to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
318. What is the approach of M.Deutschbein to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
319. What is the approach of M.Blokh to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
320. Prescriptive Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
321. Classical Scientific grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
322. Structuralism studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
323. Transformational Generative Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
324. Systemic functional Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
325. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     She undressed before going to bed.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper
326. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     The cakes sold out quickly.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper
327. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     They divorced a long time ago.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper