Nazariy grammatika (Test version 0.4)

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NAZARIY GRAMMATIKA
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TEST VERSION 0.4

  

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1. Structuralism studies can be described as follows:
   1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
   2.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
   3.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
   4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
   5.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
2. Subordinate SR are the relations of.......
   1.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
   2.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
   3.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
   4.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
3. How do statives differ from adjectives?
   1.   though the prefix a- is viewed as the formal mark of the statives there are words expressing state which are devoid of this mark
   2.   they can be homogeneous parts of a word-group
   3.   they can be used as post-posed attributes
   4.   they are built up by the prefix a-, do not have the category of comparison and are not used as pre-posed attributes
4. Verbal features are combined with the features of the adjectives and the adverbs in:
   1.   participle I and II
   2.   in all three
   3.   the infinitive;
   4.   the gerund;
5. What grammatical categories can we include into referential grammatical categories?
   1.   degree and number
   2.   tense and number
   3.   mood and degree
   4.   mood and tense
6. When can abstract uncountable nouns occur with indefinite article?
   1.   with proper nouns
   2.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
   3.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
   4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
7. How do you denote elliptical sentences?
   1.   one or more of their parts left out
   2.   The main sphere of them is dialogue where the part of the sentence that is left out can be either supplied from the preceding sentence (pronounces by another speaker) or may be easily dispensed with
   3.   only one of the principal parts is present the sentence
   4.   contain one or more than one predicative lines (axes)
8. Indo-European languages are classified into two structural types....
   1.   expressive and nominative
   2.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
   3.   semantic, formal and functional
   4.   synthetic and analytic
9. What is syntactic function?
   1.   combination of at least two constituents
   2.   function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
   3.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
   4.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
10. What is the main point of the Constructional Syntax concerning syntactic units?
    1.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
    2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
    3.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
    4.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
11. What do circumstantial adverbs denote?
    1.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
    2.   properties of actions
    3.   properties of substance
    4.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
12. How are synthetical grammatical forms realised?
    1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
    2.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
    3.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
    4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
13. Who introduced IC model of the sentence?
    1.   N.Chomsky
    2.   J. Austen
    3.   M.Blokh
    4.   Ch. Fries
14. How is expressive unit defined?
    1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
    2.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
    3.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
    4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
15. Predicative SR are the relations of.......
    1.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
    2.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
    3.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
    4.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
16. What are syntactic relations?
    1.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
    2.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
    3.   syntagmatic relations of independence
    4.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
17. What are supra segmental morphemes?
    1.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
    2.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
    3.   considered signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound
    4.   functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences
18. According to the purpose of communication, sentences fall into.......
    1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
    2.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
    3.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
    4.   simple and composite
19. What forms do infinitive and gerund comprise?
    1.   present/past and perfect/indefinite
    2.   perfect/indefinite and active/passive
    3.   indicative/imperative and perfect/indefinite
    4.   active/passive and present/past
20. What are classifications of word-group according to the structure?
    1.   the head and the adjunct
    2.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
    3.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
    4.   simple, expanded, extended