TEST BANK (Test version 0.4)

BuxDu English ING IM 17 students

1) LEKSIKOLOGIYA
2) NAZARIY FONETIKA
3) NAZARIY GRAMMATIKA
4) TIL TARIXI
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TOTAL 40 from 626 Questions
TEST VERSION 0.4

  

 

1. What is the subject -matter of lexicology?
   1.   The science of language
   2.   The word, its morphemic structure, history and meaning
   3.   The study of nature
   4.   The vocabulary of a given language
2. What is the basic task of lexicology as a branch of linguistics?
   1.   Study arid description of grammar structures
   2.   study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use
   3.   Study and description of lingo-stylistic properties of words
   4.   Study and description of phonetic properties of words
3. What is the literal meaning of the term lexicology?
   1.   Word, phrase
   2.   The science of the word
   3.   A department of knowledge
   4.   Practice of speech patterns use
4. Lingo-stylistics is concerned with the study of…
   1.   Phonology system
   2.   The nature, function and structure of stylistic devices and investigation of each style of language
   3.   grammar properties
   4.   Descriptive lexicology
5. The two principal approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material are…
   1.   synchronic and diachronic
   2.   special and descriptive
   3.   linguistic and stylistic
   4.   grammar and phonetics
6. The subject-matter of descriptive lexicology is…
   1.   historical transformation at different stages
   2.   phonology
   3.   historical lexicology
   4.   study of the vocabulary in its synchronic aspect
7. Semasiology is a branch of lexicology that is devoted to…
   1.   study of lexicon
   2.   grammar
   3.   grammar pattern
   4.   the study of meaning
8. Which term is the most controversial in the theory of language?
   1.   Structure
   2.   aspect
   3.   theory
   4.   meaning
9. What do we mean by I.С.?
   1.   concept of neutralization
   2.   functioning as a unit in some large whole
   3.   immediate constituents analysis
   4.   analysis in morphological level
10. What types of bound morphemes do you know?
    1.   affix
    2.   suffixes, prefixes and inflection
    3.   free, bound, semi-bound
    4.   Free morpheme
11. Suffixes are subdivided into…
    1.   free, bound, semi-bound
    2.   Affix and infix
    3.   inflectional and derivational
    4.   Prefix and affix
12. "Misunderstanding".
    How many morphemes are there in this word?
    1.   5
    2.   2
    3.   4
    4.   3
13. Prefixes in modern English are…
    1.   inflectional
    2.   Substitutional
    3.   Interchangeable
    4.   always derivational
14. What is root?
    1.   Suffix
    2.   the primary element of the word, its basic part
    3.   Affix
    4.   Infix
15. What kinds of approaches to meaning do exist in present day linguistics?
    1.   referential and functional
    2.   Semantic
    3.   Functional
    4.   Structural
16. The diachronic approach deals with….
    1.   grammar and syntax
    2.   vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time
    3.   the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time
    4.   Suffix
17. Which lexical units does lexicology study?
    1.   Sentence and phraseological units
    2.   morphemes, words, variable word-groups and phraseological units
    3.   Words, sentence and proverbs
    4.   words, variable word-groups and text
18. Lexicography studies...
    1.   the science and art of dictionary compiling
    2.   the science and art of sentence
    3.   the science and art of morhemes
    4.   the science and art of word
19. According to the semantic point of view morphemes may be classified:
    1.   free, bound, semi-bound
    2.   suffixes, prefixes and inflection
    3.   Root morphemes and non-root morphemes
    4.   Inflectional and derivational
20. According to the structural point of view morphemes may be classified:
    1.   Free, bound, semi-bound
    2.   suffixes, prefixes and inflection
    3.   Root morphemes and non-root morphemes
    4.   Inflectional and derivational
21. …….is the lexical nucleus of a word, it has an individual lexical meaning shared by no other morpheme of the language
    1.   Suffix
    2.   Bound morpheme
    3.   Semi-bound morpheme
    4.   Root morpheme
22. …... is morpheme that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme.
    1.   Free morpheme
    2.   Root morpheme
    3.   Bound morpheme
    4.   Semi-bound morpheme
23. What does phonetics study?
    1.   The structure of words
    2.   The parts of the speech
    3.   The sound system of the language
    4.   The difference between structure and meaning
24. What does phonology study?
    1.   The relation of phonetics with the other science
    2.   The sound patterns of the language
    3.   The syllable structure of the language
    4.   The relation between parts of speech
25. What does segmental phonetics study?
    1.   Phonemes realized in various speech sounds
    2.   Words and word combinations
    3.   The articulatory position of words
    4.   The other branches of linguistics
26. What does acoustic phonetics study?
    1.   The way of correct pronunciation
    2.   The syllabic structure of the word
    3.   The intonation patterns
    4.   It studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speakers mouth and the listener’s ear
27. What does auditory phonetics study?
    1.   The linguistic units
    2.   The function of word stress
    3.   The hearing process
    4.   The articulatory position of words.
28. What does suprasegmental phonetics study?
    1.   The phoneme and its characteristic features.
    2.   The transcriptions of words and word combinations
    3.   The distinctive features realized in syllables, stress and intonation
    4.   The nature of word stress
29. What is phoneme?
    1.   Combination of speech sounds
    2.   The special pronunciation of one word than others
    3.   The change in speech sounds
    4.   The smallest meaningful phonetic unit
30. What is the aim of comparative phonetics?
    1.   To study the sounds other phonetic units
    2.   To study the correlation between the phonetic system of two neighbouring languages
    3.   To trace and establish the changes of the phonetic system of a given language.
    4.   To study the phonetic system of different languages.
31. What branches of linguistics are connected with phonetics?
    1.   Phonology, morphology and grammatics
    2.   Syntax, morphology and acoustics
    3.   Lexicology , Grammatics and Stylistics
    4.   Lexicology, phonology and others
32. With what other nonlinguistic aspects is phonetics connected?
    1.   Physics, lexicology and mathematics
    2.   Chemistry, philosophy and physics
    3.   Computer study
    4.   Physiology, logics and etc.
33. What does typological phonetics study?
    1.   The phonetic system of several languages.
    2.   The sounds and the other phonetic units of the language at a definite period of time
    3.   The correlation between the phonetic systems
    4.   To trace and establish the changes of phonetic system
34. What is consonant?
    1.   Sound pronounced without any obstruction in the air streem
    2.   Diphthong
    3.   Monophthong
    4.   Sound pronounced with obstruction in the air streem
35. What is vowel?
    1.   Sound pronounced with complete obstruction
    2.   Sound pronounced without any obstruction
    3.   Sound pronounced with incomplete obstruction
    4.   Part of speech
36. What is dialect?
    1.   Grammatical structure of the language
    2.   Little language unite
    3.   The pronounciation type of the language
    4.   The language chosen as a literary standard
37. What is word stress?
    1.   A syllable which is pronounced with greater force
    2.   Pronunciation of the words by syllables
    3.   A syllable which is pronounced with greater force
    4.   Pronunciation type of the language
    5.   Reduction of some sounds
38. What is accentuation
    1.   Written form of the language
    2.   Reduction of some sounds in the pronunciation
    3.   Pronouncing the words by letters
    4.   Grammatical structure of the language
39. What is literary language?
    1.   The language chosen as a literary standard
    2.   Non-neighbouring language
    3.   Neighbouring language
    4.   Hearing process
    5.   The language chosen as a literary standard
40. What is spelling?
    1.   Oral rule of some phenomenon
    2.   Reduction of some sounds
    3.   Pronouncing the word by letters
    4.   The smallest meaningful unite
41. What regional pronunciation types exist in GB?
    1.   Western type
    2.   Southern, Nourthern, Scotish and Irish pronunciation types
    3.   Spanish type
    4.   German type
42. How many major speech areas are there in the USA?
    1.   Three types
    2.   Two types
    3.   Five types
    4.   Six types
43. What type of pronunciation is accepted as a literary pronunciation in the USA?
    1.   The eastern type of American English
    2.   The western type of American English?
    3.   The southern type of American English
    4.   The northern type of American English
44. What is theory?
    1.   Distinctive function
    2.   Distinctive features
    3.   Oral rule of some phenomenon
    4.   Correlation between the phonetic system
45. What period do we call as a prephoneme period?
    1.   Hearing process
    2.   The time when the theory was defined
    3.   Learning period
    4.   The time when the theory about phoneme was not defined
46. What is phonological school?
    1.   A group of phoneticians and scholars
    2.   A group of physics
    3.   A group of phsyhologists
    4.   A group of grammarians
47. Name the fore lingual consonants according to the place of obstruction
    1.   Dental
    2.   Interdental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palate-alveolar
    3.   Alveolar
    4.   Interdental
48. How many functions of phonemes do you know?
    1.   Four
    2.   Five
    3.   Three
    4.   Seven
49. What are the functions of phoneme?
    1.   Studying words and word combinations
    2.   Pronouncing words by letters
    3.   Studying the way in which the air vibrates
    4.   Constitutive,distinctive and recognitive
50. Who were the representatives of the Moscow Phonological School?
    1.   L.R. Zinder, L.V. Shcherba, V.N. Sidorov, M.V. Panov, A.A. Reformatsky
    2.   L.R. Zinder, V.N. Sidorov, G.P. Torsuyev, L.V. Shcherba
    3.   L.V. Shcherba, LA. Badouin de Courtenay, V.N. Sidorov
    4.   R.I. Avanesov, V.N. Sidorov, A.A. Reformatsky, M.V. Panov
51. What types of phonetics do you know?
    1.   General, descriptive, historical or diachronically, comparative
    2.   General, acoustic, phonological, descriptive
    3.   Descriptive, general, phonological, comparative
    4.   Historical or diachronically, descriptive, general, acoustic
52. Who did make attempt to draw and sentence-stress and said that the sentence-stress was based on 4 principles?
    1.   L.V. Scherba
    2.   L.R. Zinder
    3.   .P. Torsuyev
    4.   L.A. Badouin de Courtenay
53. In what principles sentence-stress based on?
    1.   General, descriptive, historical or diachronically, comparative
    2.   Descriptive, general, phonological, syntactic
    3.   Musical, dynamic, quantities, qualitative
    4.   Dynamic, quantities, descriptive, general
54. What types of English pronunciation is in USA?
    1.   What types of English pronunciation is in USA?
    2.   Eastern English, southern English, western English, historical
    3.   Eastern English, southern English, western English
    4.   Northern English, western English, eastern English
55. How many principle types of English pronunciation in Great Britain?
    1.   Eastern English, Scottish English, Northern English
    2.   Eastern English, southern English, western English, historical
    3.   Northern English, Scottish English, Irish English, Southern English
    4.   Southern English, Eastern English, Scottish English
56. In what parts Russian intonation was divided and what are they?
    1.   3parts; 1. falling 2. normal 3. rising
    2.   2parts; 1. normal 2. rising
    3.   2parts; 1. falling 2. rising
    4.   2parts; 1. falls 2. rising
57. What kind of principle methods are of investigation?
    1.   Definitions, observation, linguistic
    2.   Direct observation, definition, and the linguistic
    3.   The linguistic, direct observation, experimental
    4.   Direct observation, the linguistic, and experimental
58. We know that the formation of the phonological theory may be divided into 2 periods. What are they?
    1.   The phonemic period; the centurial period
    2.   The centurial period; the phenomena period
    3.   The phenomena period; the phonemic period
    4.   The phenomena period; the phonological period
59. £, 8, ¥, E, b - what are they meant?
    1.   £ - the tongue, B - soft palate, ¥ - vocal parts, E - the lip, b - uvular
    2.   £ - soft palate, B - the lip, ¥ - the tongue, E - the vocal parts, b- uvular
    3.   £ - the lip, B - the tongue, ¥ - the tongue, E - the vocal parts, b- the soft palate & uvular
    4.   £ - the vocal, parts, B - the tongue, ¥ - the lip, E - uvular, b - soft palate
60. What kind of stress is it? "Brings into prominence the most important element in a syntagma?”
    1.   Logical stress
    2.   Syntactic stress
    3.   Emphatic stress
    4.   Word stress
61. Whom the phonetic theory in America are headed by?
    1.   L.R, Zinder and Bloomfield
    2.   Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield
    3.   Edward Sapir and Scherba
    4.   L.R. Zinder and Edward Sapir
62. What is object of phonetics?
    1.   Biological features
    2.   Intonation
    3.   Physical features of a language
    4.   Oral speech
63. What does lexicology deal with?
    1.   With word building
    2.   With consonants
    3.   With their meaning
    4.   With word building & With consonants
64. Whom the London. School of Phonology is headed by?
    1.   L.R. Zinder
    2.   Edward Sapir
    3.   Daniel Tones
    4.   Leonard Bloomfield
65. How many types of stress are in English?
    1.   Secondary
    2.   Unstressed
    3.   Primary
    4.   All asnwers are correct
66. What is used in experimental methods of investigation?
    1.   It analyses by ear, by sight
    2.   It analyses in observing actual fact of language
    3.   It is based up on the use of special apparatuses or instruments
    4.   It analyses by ear, by sig & It analyses in observing actual fact of language
67. Who was Otto Jespersen?
    1.   He had proved least sonorous sounds
    2.   He had proved speech
    3.   He was a writer
    4.   He had proved speech & He was a writer
68. How many consonants are there in English?
    1.   12
    2.   22
    3.   10
    4.   20
69. How many types of obstruction do you know?
    1.   I complete
    2.   2 complete & incomplete
    3.   1 bilabial
    4.   2 voiced & voiceless
70. What does Descriptive phonetics study?
    1.   discussion of phonetics
    2.   history of the language
    3.   one certain language
    4.   phonetical figures
71. Where did derive from the word " phonetic " ?
    1.   from Greek word
    2.   from Latin word
    3.   from Russian
    4.   from German word
72. Find the main terms of phonetics
    1.   name, language, syllable
    2.   object, subject, vowel
    3.   sounds ,stress, flower
    4.   stress, consonant, intonation
73. How many branches in phonetics?
    1.   7
    2.   5
    3.   5
    4.   3
74. Who is the one of the representative of the Leningrad phonological school?
    1.   L.V.Shcherba
    2.   A.A. Reformatsky
    3.   N.S. Trubetzkoy
    4.   D.B.Fry
75. J.Firth, D.Jones, I.Ward, L.Armstrong from what phonological school they were
    1.   from Prague
    2.   from USA
    3.   from London
    4.   from Russian
76. Find the third method of investigation, first is the direct observation, the second is the linguistic and the third -?
    1.   articular
    2.   experimental
    3.   Phonetical
    4.   Perceptual
77. What is a biological science and is concerned with physical and physiological characteristics of speech sounds .
    1.   Physiology
    2.   Phonology
    3.   Phonetics
    4.   Sound
78. Where does the Southern type of a pronunciation is used?
    1.   In the USA, Holland, Ireland
    2.   In Russia, Japan, South Korea, India
    3.   In Florida, Texas, North and South Carolina, Georgia Virginia
    4.   In Texas, Virginia, Netherlands
79. What does Perceptual aspect study?
    1.   The voice producing mechanism and the way
    2.   The way of the hearing speech utterances
    3.   The way of the pronouncing
    4.   The way of the transcription
80. Find the best answer. .....comprises three important modes of phonetics analyses by ear, by sight and muscular sensation.
    1.   experimental
    2.   perceptual
    3.   direct observation
    4.   the linguistic
81. Who did distinguish two sub types of recessive stress in words with prefix which have lost their referential meaning unrestricted and restricted.
    1.   Otto Jesperson
    2.   D. Jones
    3.   G .P.Torsuyev
    4.   V.A.Vassilyev
82. What is the bulk of the English words are?
    1.   a Latin origin
    2.   a Romanic origin
    3.   a German origin
    4.   a Latin origin & a German origin
83. What origins words consist of two syllables?
    1.   Roman origin
    2.   Latin origin
    3.   German origin
    4.   English origin
84. Who used the terra phoneme in the meaning of the speech sounds ?
    1.   L.V.Shcherba
    2.   M.V.Panov
    3.   N.V.Sidorov
    4.   Ferdinan de Saussure
85. Which School's representatives based their definition of a phoneme on the concept of the morpheme ?
    1.   Moscow
    2.   Prague
    3.   London
    4.   The USA
86. Whose theory may be called "atomistic"?
    1.   L.V.Shcherba
    2.   D.Jones
    3.   F. De Saussure
    4.   S.Edwerd
87. How many pronouncing types exist in Great Britain ?
    1.   3
    2.   5
    3.   4
    4.   7
88. Where does Northern English pronouncing is used?
    1.   In Wales
    2.   In London
    3.   In the region between Birmingham & Scotland
    4.   In Northern Ireland
89. Find the bets answer. Bloomfieldian descriptive phonology is a called the relative ... .
    1.   phonetical theory
    2.   syllabic theory
    3.   perceptual theory
    4.   acoustic theory
90. Intonation is an essential prosodic element of ….speech.
    1.   human
    2.   people’s
    3.   dog’s
    4.   my friend’s
91. There are …. principles of describing intonation.
    1.   5
    2.   4
    3.   3
    4.   7
92. Baundonin de Courtenay defined the phoneme as the:
    1.   “psychology”
    2.   “psychologically”
    3.   “psycho lingual
    4.   “psychological”
93. Phonetics connected with:
    1.   grammar
    2.   stylistics
    3.   all linguistics sciences
    4.   Lexicology
94. Phonetics is of:
    1.   practical value
    2.   both: theoretically and practical value
    3.   only theoretically value,
    4.   only practical value
95. Phonetics is:
    1.   not a separate independent science.
    2.   a separate independent science.
    3.   independent branch of linguistics.
    4.   a new science
96. There are several branches (types) of phonetics. They are:
    1.   Descriptive phonetics, comparative typological phonetics
    2.   General phonetics descriptive phonetics, diachronical phonetics
    3.   Comparative typological phonetics
    4.   General, descriptive, historical or diachronical and comparative - typological-phonetics.
97. Speech sounds have:
    1.   5 aspects,
    2.   4 aspects,
    3.   3 aspects
    4.   6 aspects
98. Phonetics is:
    1.   a biological science.
    2.   linguistic and biological science
    3.   a linguistic science.
    4.   lingvostylistic science
99. There are ... principal methods of investigation:
    1.   6
    2.   4
    3.   3
    4.   5
100. The bulk of English words are:
     1.   of Romanic origin
     2.   of Germany origin
     3.   both of Germanic and Romanic origin.
     4.   Romanic origin
101. Mainly in phonetics the following parts of speech are stressed:
     1.   only the noun
     2.   notional verbs
     3.   prepositions, articles
     4.   the nouns, adjectives, notional verbs, adverbs, numeral demonstrative pronouns.
102. According to the direction of assimilation we distinguish…
     1.   regressive assimilation
     2.   progressive assimilation
     3.   filoteral assimilation
     4.   regressive assimilation & progressive assimilation
103. The main parts of Trubetskoy's theory are:
     1.   the separation of the phonology from phonetics, the theory of tin oppositions, the theory of the arch-phoneme
     2.   the theory of the phonological oppositions
     3.   the theory of the arch-phoneme
     4.   the separation of the phonology from phonetics.
104. The American Phonological School is headed by:
     1.   Ferdinand de Sausure
     2.   Ferdinand de Sausure
     3.   Leonard Bloomfield
     4.   Ferdinand de Sausure & Leonard Bloomfield
105. The London Phonological school is headed by:
     1.   Prof. D. Jones
     2.   N.S.Trubetskoy
     3.   Ferdinand de Saussure
     4.   L.Hjelmslev
106. A syllable may consists of:
     1.   two phonemes
     2.   one phoneme
     3.   a number of phonemes
     4.   one phoneme or of a number of phonemes
107. Phonetic transcription is:
     1.   a type of transcription, which provides -special variants
     2.   a special script, which is used to represent
     3.   a special script, which is used to represent the phonetic from of sentences accurately
     4.   a special script, which is used to represent the phonetic from of words accurately
108. At present there are the following regional pronunciation types exist in Great Britain:
     1.   Northern English Pronunciation
     2.   Southern English Pronunciation
     3.   Both answers are true
109. There are at least major speech areas in the USA
     1.   6
     2.   4
     3.   3
     4.   7
110. There are... types of intonation in English
     1.   6 types
     2.   7 types
     3.   5 types
     4.   9 types
111. English monophthongs are classified according to the ... principles.
     1.   7 principles
     2.   5 principles
     3.   6 principles
     4.   4 principles
112. English consonants are classified according to the... principles.
     1.   4 principles
     2.   3 principles
     3.   5 principles
     4.   6 principles
113. The Sankt-Petersburg phonological school is headed by .. .
     1.   I. A. Baundonin de Courtenay
     2.   A. A. Reformatsky
     3.   L. V. Shcherba
     4.   I. Word, H. Kingdom
114. The Moscow phonological school is headed by .. .
     1.   L. V. Shcherba
     2.   W. Matezius , B. Havranek
     3.   A. A. Reformatsky
     4.   J. R. Firth, D. Jones, I. Word, H. Kingdom, and Gimson.
115. The Prague phonological school is headed by .. .
     1.   W. Matezius, B. Havranek
     2.   A. A. Reformatsky
     3.   L. V. Shcherba
     4.   J. R. Firth, D. Jones, I. Word, H. Kingdom, and A. C. Gimson.
116. The London phonological school is headed by .. .
     1.   A. A. Reformatsky
     2.   W. Matezius, B. Havranek
     3.   J. R. Firth, D. Jones, I. Word, H. Kingdom, and A. C. Gimson
     4.   L. V. Shcherba
117. When did the book “Principles of Phonology” publish?
     1.   in 1945
     2.   in 2005
     3.   in 1999
     4.   in 1939
118. Where did the book “Principles of Phonology” publish?
     1.   in Tokyo
     2.   in Russia
     3.   in Uzbekistan
     4.   in German
119. The fundamental scientific works have been done by ….
     1.   .Reformatsky
     2.   L.V.Shcherba
     3.   J. Firth, D.Jones
     4.   W.Matezius, B.Havranek
120. … linguists presented original ideas on phonemic and prosodic analyses.
     1.   the Uzbek
     2.   the Latin
     3.   the British
     4.   the French
121. A new approach to the description of English phonemics and prosodic is given by …
     1.   L. Shcherba
     2.   W. Matezius, B. Havranek
     3.   A. C. Gimson
     4.   J. Firth, D. Jones
122. Phonetic transcription – represents …. .
     1.   a system of syllables.
     2.   a system of letters.
     3.   a system of sounds
     4.   a system of words.
123. Northern English pronunciation is use in the region between …
     1.   Scotland and Russia.
     2.   England and France
     3.   London and Tashkent
     4.   Birmingham and the border of Scotland.
124. There is no difference between the written forms of …
     1.   Scotland and Russia.
     2.   England and France
     3.   Scottish and British English.
     4.   Birmingham and the border of Scotland
125. The southern types of American pronunciation is used in … .
     1.   in Tashkent
     2.   in Pennsylvania
     3.   in Russia
     4.   in German
126. G. P. Torsuev distinguished … types of variations of the English phonemes.
     1.   4
     2.   8
     3.   6
     4.   2
127. There are ….. monophthongs in English.
     1.   3
     2.   4
     3.   5
     4.   10
128. There are …… diphthongs in English.
     1.   8
     2.   10
     3.   12
     4.   4
129. There are …… diphthongoids in English.
     1.   2
     2.   20
     3.   3
     4.   6
130. There are …… principles of describing intonation.
     1.   3
     2.   2
     3.   10
     4.   6
131. Acoustic Phonetics studies …………..
     1.   the acoustic properties of letters
     2.   the acoustic properties of words
     3.   the acoustic properties of sounds
     4.   the acoustic properties of sentences
132. Prosody (Intonation) is a complex unity of ………
     1.   sentence stress, rhythm, tempo, speech melody
     2.   sentence stress, rhythm, tempo, speech melody and voice timbre
     3.   sentence stress, rhythm, tempo and voice timbre
     4.   sentence stress, tempo, speech melody and voice timbre
133. Phonetics studies the outer form of language; …...
     1.   its letter matter
     2.   its word matter
     3.   its sound matter
     4.   its melody matter
134. The branch of Theoretical Phonetics investigates the appropriate aspect of … .
     1.   speak
     2.   speech
     3.   Talk
     4.   Sound
135. General phonetics studies all the …… producing possibilities of the human speech apparatus.
     1.   sounds
     2.   stresses
     3.   speeches
     4.   Syllables
136. Descriptive phonetics gives a description of all the …. units of the given language
     1.   Word
     2.   phonetic
     3.   talk
     4.   peech
137. Historical phonetics studies changes in the … system and stages of historical development.
     1.   grammatical
     2.   linguistic
     3.   phonetic
     4.   Phonologic
138. Comparative phonetics studies correlation between … systems of two languages.
     1.   phonologic
     2.   linguistic
     3.   Phonetic
     4.   Grammatical
139. Practical phonetics studies the substance, material form of ... phenomena in relation to meaning.
     1.   phonologic
     2.   linguistic
     3.   grammatical
     4.   phonetic
140. Theoretical phonetics is concerned with functioning of ... units of the language.
     1.   phonologic
     2.   linguistic
     3.   Phonetic
     4.   Grammatical
141. What is syllable?
     1.   Speech sounds
     2.   Minimal pronunciable unit
     3.   Oral form of phenomenon
     4.   The highest pitch of the voice
142. What are four types of syllables?
     1.   Western type
     2.   Eastern type
     3.   Open, closed, covered, uncovered types
     4.   Southern type
143. What is open type of syllable?
     1.   The syllable which ends to a consonant
     2.   The syllable which ends to “r”
     3.   The syllable which ends to “l”
     4.   The syllable which ends to a vowel
144. What is closed type of syllable?
     1.   A syllable which ends to a vowel letter
     2.   A syllable which ends to "a”
     3.   A syllable which ends to a consonant
     4.   A syllable which ends to “e”
145. What is unstressed syllable?
     1.   The syllable which takes a stress
     2.   The syllable which ends to a consonant
     3.   The syllable where the stress is not put
     4.   The syllable which ends to vowel
146. What is intonation?
     1.   The degree of noise
     2.   The degree of assimilation
     3.   The manner of articulation
     4.   The highest and the lowest pitch of the voice
147. What is transcription?
     1.   Oral rule of phenomenon
     2.   A set of symbols representing speech sounds
     3.   Pronouncing the words by letters
     4.   Written form of words
148. What is sense group?
     1.   Set of symbols representing speech sounds
     2.   Oral rule of phenomenon
     3.   A group of words forming the shortest possible unit
     4.   Manner of articulation
149. What is stressed syllable?
     1.   The syllable where the stress is not put
     2.   The syllable which ends to a vowel
     3.   The syllable where the stress is put
     4.   The syllable which ends to a consonant
150. How many types of word stress do we differentiate in English?
     1.   Four
     2.   Five
     3.   Three
     4.   Six
151. Name the types of word stress.
     1.   Strong, weak, primary
     2.   Primary, strong, weak
     3.   Primary, secondary, weak
     4.   Secondary, primary, weak
152. Complete the sentence with a logically correct word. Intonation is presented in every …
     1.   Sentence
     2.   Phoneme
     3.   House
     4.   Shop
153. What main functions of intonation do we distinguish ?
     1.   Grammatical and emotional
     2.   Linguistic
     3.   Non-linguistic
     4.   Physical
154. How many main phonological schools and trends do we differentiate?
     1.   Five
     2.   Six
     3.   Four
     4.   Seven
155. What is the grammatical function?
     1.   To learn the grammatical structure of the sentence
     2.   To learn phonology
     3.   To determine the communicative types of the sentence
     4.   To learn the suprasegmental phonology
156. What do we understand by the emotional function?
     1.   To define the grammatical structure of the sentence
     2.   To define the morphological structure of the sentence
     3.   To express the attitude to what the person says, his state and emotions
     4.   To define types of sentences
157. Which phonological school should be mentioned first?
     1.   The Moscow phonological School
     2.   The Prague phonological School
     3.   The London Phonological School
     4.   The Leningrad phonological School
158. With which academician’s name is closely connected the theory of Leningrad Phonological School?
     1.   Lev Vladimirovich Scherba
     2.   V.I.Letkin
     3.   N.K.Yakovlev
     4.   P.S.Kuznetsov
159. How many functions does phoneme serve to perform in speech?
     1.   Four
     2.   Five
     3.   Three
     4.   Six
160. Name the functions of phoneme that serves to perform in speech
     1.   Cognitive, distinctive, recognitive
     2.   Constitutive
     3.   Syntactical
     4.   Grammatical
161. What phonological schools are existed?
     1.   Moscow, American
     2.   French, Japan
     3.   Scottish, American
     4.   Leningrad, Moscow, Prague, London
162. How many periods does the phonological theory may be divided into?Four
     1.   Four
     2.   Five
     3.   Six
     4.   Two
163. What are the periods that the phonological theory may be divided into?
     1.   Phonological
     2.   Segmental
     3.   The pre-phoneme and the phonemic
     4.   Supra-segmental
164. What was Baudoin de Courtenay’s definition to a phoneme?
     1.   Psychological equivalent of the speech sounds
     2.   Grammatical equivalent of the speech sounds
     3.   Morphological equivalent of the speech sounds
     4.   Syntactical equivalent of the speech sounds
165. According to R. Kingdon the most important nuclear tones in English are:
     1.   Low Fall, High Fall, Low Rise, High Rise, and Fall-Rise.
     2.   Low Fall, High Fall, Low Rise and Fall-Rise.
     3.   Low Fall, High Fall, High Rise, and Fall-Rise.
     4.   Low Fall, , Low Rise, High Rise, and Fall-Rise.
166. There are ….. types of American language
     1.   2
     2.   4
     3.   6
     4.   3
167. How many levels are there in phonetics and phonology?
     1.   3
     2.   4
     3.   2
     4.   6
168. ......... is a branch of linguistics which studies physiological aspect of speech sound?
     1.   phonology
     2.   morphology
     3.   phonetics
     4.   syntax
169. ..........is a branch of linguistics which studies speech sounds as means of distinction of words and morphemes?
     1.   Phonology
     2.   Phonetics
     3.   Morphology
     4.   Syntax
170. Which levels of investigation do phonetics & phonology have?
     1.   segmental & suprasegmental
     2.   direct and indirect
     3.   segmental & suprasegmental & direct and indirect
     4.   Indirect
171. .......... level studies phonemes realized in various speech sounds?
     1.   Supra segmental
     2.   Direct
     3.   Segmental
     4.   Indirect
172. ......... level studies the distinctive features realized in syllables, stress & intonation?
     1.   Direct
     2.   Segmental
     3.   Suprasegmental
     4.   Indirect
173. How many phonemes does Russian have?
     1.   40
     2.   41
     3.   42
     4.   45
174. How many consonant and vowel phonemes does English have?
     1.   24-c, 20-v.
     2.   20-c, 24-v
     3.   24-c, 22-v
     4.   24-c, 10-v
175. Word stress in a language performs ….. functions.
     1.   2
     2.   3
     3.   4
     4.   6
176. How many letters are there in English?
     1.   24
     2.   20
     3.   33
     4.   26
177. Define the types of phonemes in English.
     1.   monophtongs, diphthongs
     2.   triphtongs, diphtongoids
     3.   monophtongs, triphtongs
     4.   monophtongs, diphthongs, triphtongs, diphtongoids
178. How many consonants are there in English?
     1.   24
     2.   20
     3.   26
     4.   33
179. Phonology studies.........?
     1.   sound combinations
     2.   prosodical means
     3.   stress
     4.   sound combinations, prosodical means
180. Phonetics studies.........?
     1.   functional features of phonemes
     2.   acoustics of phonemes
     3.   acoustics of phonemes, functional features of phonemes
     4.   phonemes
181. How many monophthongs does English have?
     1.   12
     2.   15
     3.   13
     4.   11
182. How many vowels are there in English?
     1.   26
     2.   20
     3.   6
     4.   12
183. How many functional styles by Sokolova do you know?
     1.   6
     2.   2
     3.   5
     4.   3
184. Find the third method of investigation, first is the direct observation, the second is the linguistic and the third -?
     1.   experimental
     2.   articular
     3.   phonetically
     4.   erceptual
185. What is a biological science and is concerned with physical and physiological characteristics of speech sounds.
     1.   Phonetics
     2.   Physiology
     3.   Phonology
     4.   Sound
186. How many kinds of speech rhythm do we differentiate?
     1.   Two
     2.   Four
     3.   Three
     4.   Five
187. Name the types of speech rhythm.
     1.   Stress-timed rhythm
     2.   Syllable-timed rhythm
     3.   Emotional rhythm
     4.   Syllable-timed rhythm, stress-timed rhythm
188. Which nuclear tone is used in General Questions?
     1.   Fall-rise
     2.   Low rise
     3.   Rise fall
     4.   Falling
189. Which nuclear tone is used in Special Questions?
     1.   Falling-Rising
     2.   Fall-rise
     3.   Low Fall
     4.   Low -Rise
190. Which nuclear tone is used in Alternative Questions?
     1.   Low -Rise/Low-Fall
     2.   Falling
     3.   Low-Fall
     4.   Rise-Fall
191. Which nuclear tone is used in Disjunctive Questions?
     1.   Low-Fall/Low-Rise
     2.   Falling
     3.   Fall-Rise
     4.   Rise-Fall
192. Which nuclear tone is used in Statements?
     1.   Rise-Fall
     2.   Falling-Rising
     3.   Low-Fall
     4.   Low-Rise.
193. Which nuclear tone is used in Requests
     1.   Rise-Fall
     2.   Fall-Rise
     3.   Low-Rise
     4.   Falling
194. Which nuclear tone is used in Imperatives?
     1.   Low-Fall
     2.   Low-Rise
     3.   Fall-Rise
     4.   Rise-Fall
195. Which nuclear tone is used in Direct Address at the beginning of the sentence?
     1.   Low-Rise
     2.   Rise-Fall-Rise
     3.   High-Rise
     4.   Fall-Rise or Low-Fall
196. Which nuclear tone is used in Direct Address in the middle of the sentence?
     1.   Low-Rise
     2.   High-Rise
     3.   Unstressed or half stressed and continues the tune of a preceding stressed syllable
     4.   High-Fall
197. Name the types of assimilation according to the degree of completeness?
     1.   Incomplete
     2.   Complete
     3.   Regressive
     4.   Complete and incomplete
198. What nuclear tone is used in Parentheses at the beginning of the sentence?
     1.   Low-Rise
     2.   High-Fall
     3.   Depends on the speaker’s attitude: falling or rising or falling-rising
     4.   Low-Fall
199. What nuclear tone is used in Parentheses in the middle of the sentence?
     1.   High-rise
     2.   High-Fall
     3.   Falling or Rising
     4.   Low-Rise
200. What nuclear tone is used in Parentheses at the end of the sentence?
     1.   High-rise
     2.   High-Fall
     3.   Low-Rise
     4.   Unstressed or half stressed and continues the tune of the preceding stressed syllable
201. What nuclear tone is used in exclamations and interjections?
     1.   Low-rise
     2.   Low-Fall
     3.   High-Rise
     4.   High-Fall and Low-Fall
202. What nuclear tone is used in enumerations?
     1.   High-rise
     2.   High-fall
     3.   Every unfinished stressed is pronounced with low-rise and the last stressed syllable is pronounced with low-fall
     4.   Fall-rise
203. What nuclear tone is used in adverbials at the beginning of the sentence?
     1.   High-fall
     2.   Low-fall
     3.   Low-rise
     4.   Fall-rise
204. What nuclear tone is used in adverbials at the end of the sentence?
     1.   Low-rise
     2.   Unstressed or half stressed and doesn’t form a separate intonation group
     3.   Low-fall
     4.   High-fall
205. What nuclear tone is used in participial construction at the beginning of the sentence?
     1.   Rising tone
     2.   Falling tone
     3.   Rise-fall-rise
     4.   Fall-rise
206. What nuclear tone is used in participial construction at the end of the sentence?
     1.   Rising tone
     2.   Rise-fall-rise
     3.   Falling tone
     4.   Fall-rise
207. How many types of sentence stress are exists in English?
     1.   Four
     2.   Two
     3.   Three
     4.   Five
208. Name the types of sentence stress.
     1.   Logical, normal, emphatic
     2.   Normal
     3.   Emphatic
     4.   Logical
209. What nuclear tone is used in commands and orders?
     1.   Falling tone
     2.   Rising tone
     3.   High-rise
     4.   Low-rise
210. What nuclear tone is used in sentences beginning with there +to be ?
     1.   High-rise
     2.   High-fall
     3.   Low-rise
     4.   Unstressed or half stressed and doesn’t form a separate intonation group
211. What nuclear tone is used in adverbial modifier of place standing before “there + to be “?
     1.   Low-fall
     2.   High-fall
     3.   Low-rise
     4.   Low-fall
212. What is the pre-head?
     1.   The first unstressed syllable
     2.   The first stressed syllable
     3.   The second stressed syllable
     4.   The last stressed syllable
213. What is the head?
     1.   The first stressed syllable
     2.   The second stressed syllable
     3.   The last stressed syllable
     4.   The first unstressed syllable
214. What is the nuclear?
     1.   The last stressed syllable
     2.   The first stressed syllable
     3.   The second stressed syllable
     4.   The first unstressed syllable
215. What is the tail?
     1.   The first stressed syllable
     2.   The second stressed syllable
     3.   The last unstressed syllable
     4.   The first unstressed syllable
216. How many types of nuclear tones are there in English?
     1.   Six
     2.   Five
     3.   Eight
     4.   Seven
217. Is the vowel [i] long or shot in “symbol”?
     1.   Long
     2.   Strong
     3.   Weak
     4.   Short
218. What vowel sound is there in “fire”?
     1.   Monophthong
     2.   Triphthong
     3.   Diphthong
     4.   Deegraph
219. Which vowel sound is there in “light” and “mile”?
     1.   [u]
     2.   [oi]
     3.   [ai]
     4.   [a:]
220. How many types of assimilation are there according to direction of assimilation?
     1.   Four
     2.   Three
     3.   Five
     4.   Six
221. Name the types of assimilation according to the direction of assimilation?
     1.   Syntactic
     2.   Grammatical
     3.   Progressive, regressive, reciprocal
     4.   Progressive
222. How many types of assimilation are there in English according to the degree of completeness?
     1.   Three
     2.   One
     3.   Four
     4.   Two
223. What does the term “grammar” mean?
     1.   art of writing
     2.   art of speaking correctly
     3.   art of writing and speaking correctly
     4.   art of speaking
224. What are the main types of grammar?
     1.   Grammar may be prescriptive and descriptive
     2.   Grammar may be practical and theoretical
     3.   Grammar may be synthetically and analytical
     4.   Grammar may be segmental and supra segmental
225. The aim of practical grammar is ......
     1.   to offer explanation for the rules
     2.   dealing with the language as a functional system
     3.   the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences
     4.   to embrace the whole study of language
226. The aim of theoretical grammar is ......
     1.   to offer explanation for the rules
     2.   dealing with the language as a functional system
     3.   the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences
     4.   to embrace the whole study of language
227. How many models of description exist in Linguistics?
     1.   4
     2.   2
     3.   5
     4.   3
228. The models of linguistic description are:
     1.   semantic, syntactic, pragmatic
     2.   phonetic, lexical, grammatical
     3.   synthetical and analytical
     4.   morphology and syntax
229. What relation is studied by semantics?
     1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
     2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
     3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
     4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
230. What relation is studied by syntactics?
     1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
     2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
     3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
     4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
231. What relation is studied by pragmatics?
     1.   The relation between a unit and an object in the world around us (objective reality).
     2.   The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units)
     3.   The relation between a unit and a person who uses it.
     4.   The relation between a unit and a meaning.
232. What are the levels in the structure of language?
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   phonological, morphological, syntactical
     3.   phonetic, lexical, grammatical
     4.   phonological, morphological, syntactical, supersyntactical
233. How is similarity and likeness of organization of linguistic units called?
     1.   isomorphism
     2.   content side
     3.   expression side
     4.   suppletivity
234. What is the level unit of the supersyntactical level?
     1.   text
     2.   word group
     3.   sentence
     4.   word
235. What is the level unit of the syntactical level?
     1.   text
     2.   word group
     3.   phoneme
     4.   word
236. What is the level unit of the morphological level?
     1.   text
     2.   word group
     3.   sentence
     4.   word
237. What is the level unit of the phonological level?
     1.   phoneme
     2.   word group
     3.   sentence
     4.   word
238. What relations can linguistic unit enter?
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   segmental and supra segmental
     3.   morphological and syntactical
     4.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic
239. How do we call the relations with all the units that can also occur in the same environment?
     1.   paradigmatic
     2.   syntagmatic
     3.   synthetic
     4.   analytic
240. How do we call the relations with other units of the same level it occurs with?
     1.   paradigmatic
     2.   syntagmatic
     3.   synthetic
     4.   analytic
241. According to different principles of similarity paradigmatic relations can be ........
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   expressive and nominative
     3.   semantic, formal and functional
     4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
242. According to different principles of similarity syntagmatic relations can be ........
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   expressive and nominative
     3.   semantic, formal and functional
     4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
243. Semantic PR are based on ..........
     1.   the similarity of meaning
     2.   the similarity of form
     3.   the similarity of function
     4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
244. Formal Paradigmatic Relations are based on ..........
     1.   the similarity of meaning
     2.   the similarity of form
     3.   the similarity of function
     4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
245. Functional PR are based on ..........
     1.   the similarity of meaning
     2.   the similarity of form
     3.   the similarity of function
     4.   the homogeneous linguistic units
246. Coordinate SR are the relations of......
     1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
     2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
     3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
     4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
247. Subordinate SR are the relations of.......
     1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
     2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
     3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
     4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
248. Predicative SR are the relations of.......
     1.   independence, which exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank
     2.   dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other
     3.   interdependence: primary and secondary predication
     4.   the similarity of the meaning, form and function
249. Indo-European languages are classified into two structural types....
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   expressive and nominative
     3.   semantic, formal and functional
     4.   coordinate, subordinate and predicative
250. How are synthetic languages defined?
     1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
     2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
     3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
     4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
251. How are analytic languages defined?
     1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
     2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
     3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
     4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
252. How is expressive unit defined?
     1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
     2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
     3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
     4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
253. How is nominative unit defined?
     1.   as ones of ‘internal’ grammar of the word – most of grammatical meanings and grammatical relations of words are expressed with the help of inflexions
     2.   those of ‘external’ grammar because most grammatical meanings and grammatical forms are expressed with the help of words (will do)
     3.   language which ensures the thought-forming function of the language
     4.   language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized
254. What is lexical meaning?
     1.   the individual meaning of the word
     2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
255. What is grammatical meaning?
     1.   the individual meaning of the word
     2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
256. What classes of words are devoid of any lexical meaning and possess the grammatical meaning only?
     1.   nouns and pronouns
     2.   adjectives and adverbs
     3.   verbids
     4.   articles, particles, prepositions
257. What are types of grammatical meaning?
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   expressive and nominative
     3.   implicit and explicit
     4.   general and dependent
258. What are types of implicit meaning?
     1.   synthetic and analytic
     2.   expressive and nominative
     3.   implicit and explicit
     4.   general and dependent
259. What is implicit grammatical meaning?
     1.   the individual meaning of the word
     2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
260. What is explicit grammatical meaning?
     1.   the individual meaning of the word
     2.   the meaning of the whole class or a subclass
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
261. What is general grammatical meaning?
     1.   meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech
     2.   the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
262. What is dependent grammatical meaning?
     1.   meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech
     2.   the meaning of a subclass within the same part of speech
     3.   meaning, which is not expressed formally
     4.   meaning, which is always marked morphologically
263. Due to dialectal unity of language and thought, grammatical categories correlate with...
     1.   conceptual categories and objective reality
     2.   meaning and form
     3.   lexical and grammatical meanings
     4.   conceptual reality and objective reality
264. How do we call the grammatical categories that have references in the objective reality?
     1.   significational categories
     2.   referential grammatical categories
     3.   oppositional categories
     4.   transpositional categories
265. How do we call the grammatical categories that correlate only with conceptual matters?
     1.   significational categories
     2.   referential grammatical categories
     3.   oppositional categories
     4.   transpositional categories
266. What grammatical categories can we include into referential grammatical categories?
     1.   degree and number
     2.   mood and tense
     3.   tense and number
     4.   mood and degree
267. What grammatical categories can we include into significational grammatical categories?
     1.   degree and number
     2.   mood and tense
     3.   tense and number
     4.   mood and degree
268. How do we call the relation between two grammatical forms differing in meaning and external signs?
     1.   transposition
     2.   neutralization
     3.   opposition
     4.   means of realization
269. How can we define the grammatical category?
     1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
     2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
     3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
     4.   the means of realization
270. What is a set of words with the same explicit grammatical meaning?
     1.   form-class
     2.   word-group
     3.   word-class
     4.   word-form
271. What is transposition?
     1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
     2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
     3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
     4.   the means of realization
272. What is neutralization?
     1.   the opposition between two mutually exclusive form-classes
     2.   the use of a linguistic unit in an unusual environment
     3.   the reduction of the opposition to one of its members
     4.   the means of realization
273. How many approaches exist in classifying words into parts of speech?
     1.   3
     2.   4
     3.   5
     4.   2
274. What are approaches to the problem of parts of speech?
     1.   classical, functional, distributional, complex
     2.   meaning, form, function
     3.   traditional, structural, transformational
     4.   transposition and neutralization
275. Сlassical approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
     1.   functional and nominative
     2.   declinable and indeclinable
     3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
     4.   semantic, formal, functional
276. Functional approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
     1.   nominative and particles
     2.   declinable and indeclinable
     3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
     4.   semantic, formal, functional
277. Who is the founder of functional approach?
     1.   Charles Fries
     2.   Blokh
     3.   Henry sweet
     4.   Naom Chomsky
278. Distributional approach distinguishes parts of speech into……
     1.   nominative and particles
     2.   declinable and indeclinable
     3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
     4.   semantic, formal, functional
279. Who is the founder of distributional approach?
     1.   Charles Fries
     2.   Blokh
     3.   Henry sweet
     4.   Naom Chomsky
280. What criteria are discriminated parts of speech in modern linguistics?
     1.   nominative and particles
     2.   declinable and indeclinable
     3.   four major classes of words and 15 form-classes
     4.   semantic, formal, functional
281. What does semantic criterion presuppose?
     1.   the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
     2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
     3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
282. What does formal criterion reveal?
     1.   the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
     2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
     3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
283. What does functional criterion concern?
     1.   a. the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words
     2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
     3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     4.   having no references of their own in the objective reality
284. How can we define notional words?
     1.   those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances
     2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
     3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     4.   those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. – words with the corresponding references in the objective reality
285. How can we define function words?
     1.   those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances
     2.   paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
     3.   syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     4.   those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. – words with the corresponding references in the objective reality
286. What does the noun possess?
     1.   substantiality
     2.   verbiality
     3.   substantival property
     4.   property of process
287. According to the type of nomination nouns may be......
     1.   countable and uncountable
     2.   human and non-human
     3.   animate and inanimate
     4.   proper and common
288. According to the form of existence nouns may be......
     1.   countable and uncountable
     2.   human and non-human
     3.   animate and inanimate
     4.   proper and common
289. According to the quantitative structure nouns may be......
     1.   countable and uncountable
     2.   human and non-human
     3.   animate and inanimate
     4.   proper and common
290. What is the classification of nouns according to their structure?
     1.   simple and derived
     2.   simple, derived, compound
     3.   simple, derived, compound, composite
     4.   compound and composite
291. What are the most common noun determiners?
     1.   articles and pronouns
     2.   adjectives and numerals
     3.   nouns themselves in the common and genitive case
     4.   All above mentioned
292. What does the singular form not denote?
     1.   oneness
     2.   generalization
     3.   indiscreteness
     4.   the inner discreteness
293. What does the plurar form not denote?
     1.   the existence of several objects
     2.   generalization
     3.   pluralia tantum
     4.   the inner discreteness
294. What are subdivisions of all nouns?
     1.   The nouns in which the opposition of explicit discreteness/indiscreteness is expressed
     2.   The nouns in which this opposition is not expressed explicitly but is revealed by syntactical and lexical correlation in the context
     3.   The nouns with homogenous number forms. The number opposition here is not expressed formally but is revealed only lexically and syntactically in the context
     4.   All above mentioned
295. What does the case express?
     1.   the relation of a word to another word in the word-group or sentence
     2.   the linguistic representation of the objective category of quantity
     3.   homogenous number forms
     4.   syntactical and lexical correlation in the context
296. What scope of meaning is not rendered by the Generative case?
     1.   subjective and objective genitive
     2.   adverbial and equation genitive
     3.   discreteness and indiscreetness genitive
     4.   possessive genitive
297. What point does not exist concerning case category?
     1.   there are two cases
     2.   there are no cases at all, the form`s is optional because the same relations may be expressed by the ‘of-phrase’
     3.   there are 6 cases
     4.   there is only one case form
298. Ch.Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him how many cases exist in English grammar?
     1.   there are two cases
     2.   there are three cases
     3.   there are 6 cases
     4.   there is only one case form
299. What does M. Blokh state according the category of gender?
     1.   the existence of the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the correlation of nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it).
     2.   nouns have no category of gender in Modern English
     3.   not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being
     4.   the category of gender should not be confused with the category of sex, because sex is an objective biological category
300. What does Ilyish state according the category of gender?
     1.   the existence of the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the correlation of nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it).
     2.   nouns have no category of gender in Modern English
     3.   not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its morphology due to its denoting male or female being
     4.   the category of gender should not be confused with the category of sex, because sex is an objective biological category
301. What does the adjective possess?
     1.   substantiality
     2.   verbiality
     3.   substantival property
     4.   property of process
302. What does the adjective have combinability with?
     1.   nouns, link-verbs, adverbs
     2.   nouns and verbs
     3.   verbs and adverbs
     4.   nouns, pronouns, link verbs
303. What is the classification of adjectives according to their structure?
     1.   simple and derived
     2.   simple, derived, compound
     3.   simple, derived, compound, composite
     4.   compound and composite
304. What is the semantical classification of adjectives?
     1.   animate and inanimate
     2.   human and non-human
     3.   relative and qualitative
     4.   proper and common
305. What do the statives denote?
     1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
     2.   substantival property
     3.   secondary property
     4.   substantiality
306. Who was the first to identify statives as a separate part of speech in English?
     1.   B.Khaimovich
     2.   L.Scherba
     3.   B. Ilyish
     4.   M. Blokh
307. How did B.Khaimovich and B.Rogovskaya call the statives?
     1.   stative words
     2.   words of category of state
     3.   predicative adjectives
     4.   adlinks
308. How do statives differ from adjectives?
     1.   they are built up by the prefix a-, do not have the category of comparison and are not used as pre-posed attributes
     2.   they can be used as post-posed attributes
     3.   they can be homogeneous parts of a word-group
     4.   though the prefix a- is viewed as the formal mark of the statives there are words expressing state which are devoid of this mark
309. What are similarities of the statives and adjectives?
     1.   they are built up by the prefix a-
     2.   have the category of comparison
     3.   used as pre-posed attributes
     4.   they can be used as post-posed attributes
310. Which stative can not be separated into the prefix and the root?
     1.   alike, alive
     2.   aware, afraid
     3.   afire, afoot
     4.   astir, asleep
311. What do the adverbs denote?
     1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
     2.   substantival property
     3.   secondary property
     4.   substantiality
312. What are typical suffixes of adverbs?
     1.   –ful, - ous
     2.   –er, -est
     3.   -en, - ify, - ize
     4.   – wards, -wise, -ly
313. What combinabilities do the adverbs have?
     1.   verbs, adjectives
     2.   verbs, nouns
     3.   adjectives, nouns
     4.   predicatives
314. What are subdivisions of adverb semantically?
     1.   qualitative and relative
     2.   qualitative, quantitative, and circumstantial
     3.   proper and common
     4.   qualitative and quantitative
315. What do qualitative adverbs denote?
     1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
     2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
     3.   properties of actions
     4.   properties of substance
316. What do quantitative adverbs denote?
     1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
     2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
     3.   properties of actions
     4.   properties of substance
317. What do circumstantial adverbs denote?
     1.   the degree or the quantity of an action or a property
     2.   various circumstances attending an action such as time, place, manner, cause, consequence
     3.   properties of actions
     4.   properties of substance
318. Choose examples to quantitative adverbs?
     1.   fast, loudly, slowly
     2.   hardly, scarcely, nearly
     3.   near, far late, soon
     4.   now , here, there
319. Choose examples to circumstantial adverbs?
     1.   fast, loudly, slowly
     2.   hardly, scarcely, nearly
     3.   near, far, late, soon
     4.   almost, enough, quite
320. Who proposes to treat words of the type quick –quickly, loud –loudly as belonging to the same part of speech but having different combinability?
     1.   A. Smirnitsky
     2.   M. Blokh
     3.   B.Khaimovich and B.Rogovskaya
     4.   L.Scherba
321. What does the verb denote?
     1.   different states, mostly of temporary duration
     2.   substantival property
     3.   secondary property
     4.   verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time
322. What are common categories for finite and non-finite forms?
     1.   tense, aspect
     2.   voice, mood
     3.   voice, aspect
     4.   person, number
323. What categories of the verb have only synthetical forms?
     1.   tense, aspect
     2.   voice, mood
     3.   voice, aspect
     4.   person, number
324. What categories of the verb have only analytical forms?
     1.   tense
     2.   voice
     3.   aspect
     4.   Mood
325. What categories of the verb have both synthetical and analytical forms?
     1.   tense, aspect, voice
     2.   voice, mood, aspect
     3.   mood, tense, aspect
     4.   person, number, tense
326. What principles of classifications of the verbs do you know?
     1.   morphological, lexical-morphological, syntactical and functional.
     2.   functional and notional
     3.   stative and dynamic
     4.   terminative and durative
327. According what classification do all verbs fall into: simple, sound-replacive, stress-replacive, expanded (with the help of suffixes and prefixes), composite, phrasal
     1.   Morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
328. According what classification do all verbs fall into: transitive and intransitive, stative and dynamic, terminative and durative.
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
329. According what classification do all verbs fall into: directed (to see, to take, etc.) and non-directed action (to arrive, to drizzle, etc.)
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   functional
330. According what classification do all verbs fall into: notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.
     1.   morphological
     2.   lexical-morphological
     3.   syntactic
     4.   Functional
331. What does the grammatical category of voice express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
332. The category is restricted because of the implicit grammatical meaning of........
     1.   transitivity/intransitivity
     2.   functional/ notional
     3.   stative / dynamic
     4.   terminative/ durative
333. Which voice do these sentences express :
     The door opened; The book sells easily; The dress washes well
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
334. Which voice do these sentences express :
     He dressed; He washed
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
335. Which voice do these sentences express :
     They met; They kissed each other
     1.   active
     2.   middle
     3.   reflexive
     4.   reciprocal
336. What does the grammatical category of tense express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
337. What view points do you know about existence of future tense?
     1.   "will" and "shall" do not occur in many sentences that refer to the future
     2.   future tenses are often treated as partly modal
     3.   "will" and "shall" occur in sentences with a future time reference only
     4.   future tenses are often treated as partly tense
338. What does the grammatical category of aspect express?
     1.   the objective relations between the action and the subject or object of the action find their expression in language
     2.   relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance
     3.   linguistic representation of the objective category of Manner of Action
     4.   expresses the relation of the action to reality from the speaker's viewpoint
339. What are semantic features of continuous form?
     1.   duration – definiteness
     2.   transitivity - intransitivity
     3.   stative - dynamic
     4.   definite – indefinite
340. How do we call the following words: think, understand, know, hate, love, see, taste, feel, possess, own
     1.   progressive
     2.   non-progressive
     3.   standard
     4.   non-standard
341. What term is used to define non finite forms in more recent studies?
     1.   verbal
     2.   aspect
     3.   phase
     4.   verbid
342. What is the lexico-grammatical meaning of verbids?
     1.   a substance
     2.   a quality or a property
     3.   a secondary property
     4.   Action presented as a substance or a qualifying action
343. It originated from the noun and at present combines nounal and verbal features:
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
344. How do we call infinitival "to" ?
     1.   partical
     2.   auxiliary word
     3.   preposition
     4.   link word
345. What is the only non finite form of the verb that combines with the modal verb to form a compound modal verbal predicate?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
346. It has more of the noun than the any of verbids as it became part of the verb system much later......
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
347. What forms do infinitive and gerund comprise?
     1.   perfect/indefinite and active/passive
     2.   active/passive and present/past
     3.   indicative/imperative and perfect/indefinite
     4.   present/past and perfect/indefinite
348. Which of non finites often denotes an imperfective action ?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
349. Which of non finites serves to convey a perfective action?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
350. What follows such verbs as to hope, to promise, to refuse, to offer, etc?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
351. What follows after to avoid, to delay, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to keep on, to suggest, etc?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
352. Who stated the following: the infinitive, the gerund and the verbal noun present a process essentially as a substance but the infinitive shows the process as dynamic; the gerund, as semi-dynamic; the verbal noun, as static?
     1.   Ilyish
     2.   Sherba
     3.   Blokh
     4.   Kaushanskaya
353. Which of the non finites combines the features of the finite verb with those of the adjective and the adverb?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle
     4.   bare infinitive
354. What morphologically coincides with the gerund?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
355. What qualities does participle combine?
     1.   verbal and nounal
     2.   verbal and adverbial
     3.   verbal and adjectival
     4.   verbal, adjectival, and adverbial
356. What is the form of underlined word, e.g. The writing of the diploma turned out to be more "timeconsuming" than she had expected.
     1.   gerund
     2.   participle I
     3.   continuous form
     4.   verbal noun
357. The use of Participle II outside analytical formations (like has done or will be done) is comparatively limited. In such cases it is used as.....
     1.   perfect form
     2.   predicative and post posed attribute
     3.   pre posed and post posed attribute
     4.   separate participle
358. How can such forms as been, laughed, run, sat, lain, wept, etc. can appear?
     1.   within a perfect form
     2.   post posed attribute
     3.   pre posed attribute
     4.   separate participle
359. Which non finite form has no category of aspect?
     1.   infinitive
     2.   gerund
     3.   participle I
     4.   participle II
360. What combinability do articles and particles have?
     1.   Unilateral
     2.   bilateral
     3.   right hand
     4.   left hand
361. What combinability do prepositions and conjunctions have?
     1.   Unilateral
     2.   bilateral
     3.   right hand
     4.   left hand
362. What is the function of articles and particles?
     1.   substituting
     2.   generalizing
     3.   linking
     4.   specifying
363. What is the function of prepositions and conjunctions?
     1.   substituting
     2.   generalizing
     3.   linking
     4.   specifying
364. What features do not exist in classifying semi notional parts of speech?
     1.   lexico grammatical meaning
     2.   combinability and function
     3.   Grammatical category and stem building elements
     4.   combinability and stem building elements
365. What do prepositions express?
     1.   show the relation of one noun to another, which reflects the relations of the corresponding substances in the word of reality
     2.   used to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     3.   general meaning, the object in this case is considered as substance in general
     4.   expresses the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
366. What is the function of "in" and "up" in the following sentences:
     He was in the room, He walked up the hill?
     1.   notional function
     2.   auxiliary function
     3.   homonyms
     4.   phonetic coincidence
367. What is the function of "in" and "up" in the following sentences:
     He came in , He walked up?
     1.   notional function
     2.   auxiliary function
     3.   homonyms
     4.   phonetic coincidence
368. The nature of the relation of conjunctions is usually divided into:……
     1.   notional and functional
     2.   bilateral and unilateral
     3.   compound and composite
     4.   coordinating and subordinating
369. What do coordinating conjunctions connect?
     1.   homogenous elements
     2.   clauses
     3.   words
     4.   sentences
370. What do subordinating conjunctions connect?
     1.   homogenous elements
     2.   clauses
     3.   words
     4.   sentences
371. Coordinating conjunctions arc used to connect both words and clauses in…….
     1.   composite sentences
     2.   compound sentences
     3.   complex sentences
     4.   simple sentences
372. Subordinating conjunctions arc used to connect both words and clauses in…….
     1.   composite sentences
     2.   compound sentences
     3.   complex sentences
     4.   simple sentences
373. How many cases of using articles do we have in modern English and what are they?
     1.   two: definite and indefinite
     2.   only definite
     3.   only indefinite
     4.   three: definite, indefinite and zero, the absence of the article
374. When is indefinite article used?
     1.   to denote the object which is considered as one of the representatives of the called class of objects and therefore it is a classifying article
     2.   with proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
375. When can abstract uncountable nouns occur with indefinite article?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   with proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
376. What does zero article express?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
377. What do particles express?
     1.   to denote kinds or varieties of some abstract concept, state, quality
     2.   proper nouns
     3.   to denote the definite semantical meaning
     4.   to denote the attitude of the speaker towards the utterance
378. What does morphology deal with?
     1.   the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
     2.   the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts
     3.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of phonological units
     4.   lexical categories and their realization
379. What does syntax deal with?
     1.   the internal structure of words and their relationship to other words and word forms within the paradigm
     2.   the external functions of words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences and texts
     3.   paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of phonological units
     4.   lexical categories and their realization
380. What is the main point of the Transformational-Generative Grammar concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
381. How many kernels are commonly associated with the English language in defining sentences according the Transformational-Generative Grammar
     1.   4
     2.   5
     3.   6
     4.   7
382. What is the main point of the Constructional Syntax concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
383. What is constructionally significant element in the following sentence according Constructional Syntax: I saw him there yesterday?
     1.   him
     2.   there
     3.   yesterday
     4.   him and there
384. What are constructionally insignificant elements in the following sentence according Constructional Syntax: I saw him there yesterday?
     1.   him and there
     2.   there and yesterday
     3.   yesterday
     4.   saw and him
385. What is the main point of the Communicative Syntax concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
386. What is theme in the sentence according communicative syntax?
     1.   speech act
     2.   different intention
     3.   something that is known already
     4.   some new information
387. What is rheme in the sentence according communicative syntax?
     1.   speech act
     2.   different intention
     3.   something that is known already
     4.   some new information
388. What is the main point of the Pragmatic Approach concerning syntactic units?
     1.   the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual division of the utterance – the theme and rheme analysis
     2.   the constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for the whole syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements
     3.   the endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations and these kernels serve the basis for generating sentences by means of syntactic processes.
     4.   the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to achieve particular goals
389. Who was the first to introduce Speech Act Theory?
     1.   Noam Chomsky
     2.   Mark Blokh
     3.   John Austin
     4.   Bloomfield
390. How is syntactic unit defined?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
391. What is syntactic meaning?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
392. What is syntactic form?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
393. What is syntactic function?
     1.   combination of at least two constituents
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
394. What is syntactic position?
     1.   the position of an element
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
395. What are syntactic relations?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
396. What is Coordination?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
397. What are forms of connection within coordination?
     1.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level
     2.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
     3.   agreement, government , adjournment and enclosure
     4.   copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
398. What types of coordination exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
399. What is Subordination?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
400. What are forms of connection within subordination?
     1.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     2.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
     3.   agreement, government , adjournment and enclosure
     4.   copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
401. What kinds of subordination exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
402. What is Predication?
     1.   syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units
     2.   syntagmatic relations of independence
     3.   syntagmatic relations of dependence
     4.   syntagmatic relations of interdependence
403. kinds of predication exist in English?
     1.   symmetric and asymmetric
     2.   adverbial, objective and attributive
     3.   primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level)
     4.   gerundial, infinitive and participial
404. The most adequate definition to the word-group....
     1.   combination of at least two notional words which do not constitute the sentence but are syntactically connected
     2.   separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences
     3.   distributional formula of the unit (pattern)
     4.   a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit
405. What are classifications of word-group according to the type of syntagmatic relations?
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
406. What are classifications of word-group according to the structure?
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
407. According to the nature of their heads, subordinate word-groups fall into......
     1.   noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, pronoun phrase
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
408. What is the widely spread word group in English?
     1.   noun phrase
     2.   adjective phrase
     3.   adverbial phrase
     4.   pronoun phrase
409. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     two smart hard-working students?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   modification
410. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     Students from Boston?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   odification
411. To what modification of noun phrase can we include the following example:
     two smart hard-working students from Boston?
     1.   mixed modification
     2.   postmodification
     3.   premodification
     4.   modification
412. What are classifications of Verb phrases according to the nature of their complements?
     1.   nominal, adverbial and mixed
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
413. What are classifications of Verb phrases according to the structure?
     1.   nominal, adverbial and mixed
     2.   the head and the adjunct
     3.   simple, expanded, extended
     4.   coordinate, subordinate, predicative
414. What are the elements of the predicative word-group?
     1.   noun and finite form of the verb
     2.   finite form of the verb and adverb
     3.   noun and participial
     4.   noun, pronoun and non-finite form of the verb
415. What is sentence?
     1.   the smallest communicative unit
     2.   the smallest meaningful unit
     3.   a unit of language
     4.   a unit of speech
416. What is utterance?
     1.   the smallest communicative unit
     2.   the smallest meaningful unit
     3.   a unit of language
     4.   a unit of speech
417. What are the main categories of utterance?
     1.   subject and predicate
     2.   subject and object
     3.   theme and rheme
     4.   explicit and implicit
418. How can internal syntactic process be?
     1.   no changes in the structure of the parts of the sentence
     2.   those that cause new relations within a syntactic unit and lead to appearance of a new part of the sentence
     3.   inserting modal words and other discourse markers
     4.   the use of specifying words, most often particles
419. How can external syntactic process be?
     1.   no changes in the structure of the parts of the sentence
     2.   those that cause new relations within a syntactic unit and lead to appearance of a new part of the sentence
     3.   inserting modal words and other discourse markers
     4.   the use of specifying words, most often particles
420. What differs sentence from word or word group as a communicative language unit?
     1.   the relation of the denoted event to objective reality
     2.   expresses predicative meanings of tense, aspect, mood, etc
     3.   realization not only through the axis “subject – predicate”, but also through the secondary parts of the sentence
     4.   characterized by an intonation contour, sentence stress, predication, modality, and a relatively complete meaning
421. How do you denote elliptical sentences?
     1.   The main sphere of them is dialogue where the part of the sentence that is left out can be either supplied from the preceding sentence (pronounces by another speaker) or may be easily dispensed with
     2.   contain one or more than one predicative lines (axes)
     3.   only one of the principal parts is present the sentence
     4.   one or more of their parts left out
422. According to the purpose of communication, sentences fall into.......
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
423. According to the structure, sentences are divided..........
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
424. Depending on whether they contain one or more than one predicative lines, sentences are differentiated into.......
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
425. The semantic classification of the simple sentence is based on the following principles:
     1.   simple and composite; one-member and two-member; complete and elliptical
     2.   simple and composite
     3.   declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory
     4.   subject categorial meaning, predicate categorial meaning, subject-predicate relations
426. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: He came early?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
427. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: He who does not work neither shall he eat?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
428. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It (the dog) ran up to me?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
429. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It (my watch) is fast?
     1.   personal, human, definite
     2.   personal, human, indefinite
     3.   personal, non-human, animate
     4.   personal non-human, inanimate
430. What is the subject categorical meaning of the following sentence: It is never late to learn?
     1.   personal
     2.   impersonal
     3.   verbal
     4.   nominal
431. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: The window is opening?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
432. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: The window is glistening?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
433. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: It rains ?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
434. What is the predicate categorical meaning of the following sentence: It smells of hay ?
     1.   verbal actional
     2.   verbal statal
     3.   nominal factual
     4.   nominal perceptual
435. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John lives in London ?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
436. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John is reading a book?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
437. According subject-predicate relation where can we include the following sentence: John is reading ?
     1.   subjective sentences
     2.   objective sentences
     3.   neutral sentences
     4.   predicative sentences
438. What is the classification of simple verbal predicate?
     1.   synthetic (come, comes, came) and analytical (will come, has come)
     2.   compound verbal aspect predicate and the compound verbal modal
     3.   compound nominal and compound verbal
     4.   modal nominal and aspect nominal
439. What is the classification of compound verbal predicate?
     1.   synthetic (come, comes, came) and analytical (will come, has come)
     2.   compound verbal aspect predicate and the compound verbal modal
     3.   compound nominal and compound verbal
     4.   modal nominal and aspect nominal
440. What does the object denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
441. What does the attribute denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
442. What does the adverbial modifier denote?
     1.   different circumstances of the action: time, place, purpose, consequence, manner, attendant circumstances
     2.   modifies a noun or a noun equivalent and characterizes it as to its quality or property
     3.   a thing that the action passes on
     4.   grammatically dependent on any particular part of the sentence
443. What is the semantic classification of the object?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
444. What is the semantic classification of the attribute?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
445. What is the structural classification of the adverbial modifier?
     1.   simple, phrasal, complex or clausal
     2.   simple, phrasal or clausal
     3.   direct, indirect and cognate
     4.   descriptive, restrictive or appositive
446. What are independent elements of the sentence?
     1.   secondary parts of the sentence
     2.   primary parts of the sentence
     3.   modal word or phrase, interjection, conjunct, a prepositional phrase, an infinitival or participial phrase, a clause
     4.   separate units of the sentence
447. Who introduced IC model of the sentence?
     1.   M.Blokh
     2.   N.Chomsky
     3.   J. Austen
     4.   Ch. Fries
448. Who introduced the terms “transform” and “transformation”?
     1.   M.Blokh
     2.   N.Chomsky
     3.   J. Austen
     4.   Ch. Fries
449. What is reduced kernel structure in English sentences proposed by Robert B. Lees?
     1.   N+V+O and N is N/Adj
     2.   N+V+O+D
     3.   N+V+O+D+D
     4.   N+V and N is N/Adj
450. What do composite sentences denote?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
451. The composite sentence is differentiated into.....
     1.   simple and compound
     2.   compound and complex
     3.   nominal and verbal
     4.   one member and two member
452. What is compound sentence?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
453. What is complex sentence?
     1.   a complicated act of thought and reflects two or more situational events as making a unity.
     2.   a syntactic non-communicative unit of an intermediary status between the sentence and the word-group
     3.   based on coordination: the clauses are equal in rank, “equipotent”
     4.   connected on the basis of subordination, with one of the clauses dominating the other(s)
454. How do we call dominating clause in the complex sentence?
     1.   principle
     2.   head
     3.   subordinate
     4.   adjunct
455. How do we call dominated clause in the complex sentence?
     1.   principle
     2.   head
     3.   subordinate
     4.   adjunct
456. What are types of coordinate connection?
     1.   copulate, adversative, disjunctive, causative-consecutive
     2.   substantive-nominal, qualification –nominal, adverbial
     3.   monolithic complexes, optional subordinate connection, segregative complexes
     4.   subject, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses
457. What does copulate connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
458. What does adversative connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
459. What does disjunctive connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
460. What does causative-consecutive connection imply?
     1.   the events denoted by the clauses are merely united in time and place
     2.   opposition, contradiction or contrast using the connectors but, while, whereas, yet, still, nevertheless, only
     3.   a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives
     4.   two clauses, one of which denotes the reason (cause) of an action and the other, the consequence
461. According to the categorial principle subordinate clauses are classified into.....
     1.   copulate, adversative, disjunctive, causative-consecutive
     2.   substantive-nominal, qualification –nominal, adverbial
     3.   monolithic complexes, optional subordinate connection, segregative complexes
     4.   subject, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses
462. Who divided elementary complex sentences into one-member and two member sentences?
     1.   N.Chomsky
     2.   Ch.Fries
     3.   M. Blokh
     4.   N.Pospelov
463. What is one member elementary complex sentences?
     1.   a comparatively close (obligatory) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause is so closely related (formally and semantically) to the principal clause that the principal clause could not exist without it as a complete syntactic unit
     2.   a comparatively loose (optional) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the structural completeness of the principal clause
     3.   the subordinate clause is fused with the principal claused
     4.   the subordinate clause is governed by the valency of the verb in the principal clause
464. What is two member elementary complex sentences?
     1.   a comparatively close (obligatory) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause is so closely related (formally and semantically) to the principal clause that the principal clause could not exist without it as a complete syntactic unit
     2.   a comparatively loose (optional) connection between clauses: the subordinate clause could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the structural completeness of the principal clause
     3.   the subordinate clause is fused with the principal claused
     4.   the subordinate clause is governed by the valency of the verb in the principal clause
465. In accord with the traditional classification, morphemes on the upper level are divided into …..
     1.   root and affixal
     2.   derivational and inflectional
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   prefixes and suffixes
466. What do the roots express?
     1.   the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word
     2.   the specificational part of the meaning of the word
     3.   the specifications being of lexico-semantic character
     4.   the specifications being of grammatico-semantic character.
467. What do the affixal express?
     1.   the concrete, "material" part of the meaning of the word
     2.   the specificational part of the meaning of the word
     3.   the specifications being of lexico-semantic character
     4.   the specifications being of grammatico-semantic character
468. "throughout" — a composite word, in which -"out" serves as..........
     1.   preposition
     2.   suffix
     3.   root
     4.   inflexion
469. What is the abstract complete morphemic model of the common English word?
     1.   prefix + root + lexical suffix
     2.   prefix + root + grammatical suffix.
     3.   root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix.
     4.   prefix + root + lexical suffix+grammatical suffix.
470. What are main types of distribution in the distributional analysis of morphemes?
     1.   root and affixal
     2.   derivational and inflectional
     3.   contrastive, non-contrastive and complementary
     4.   prefixes , suffixes and inflexions
471. What can be examples to contrastive distribution
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
472. What can be examples to non-contrastive distribution?
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
473. What can be examples to complementary distribution?
     1.   returned, returning
     2.   learned, learnt
     3.   oxen, children
     4.   works, books
474. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the degree of self dependence?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
475. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the formal presentation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
476. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the segmental relation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
477. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the grammatical alternation?
     1.   free and bound
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
478. What are the distributional morpheme types on the basis of the linear characteristic?
     1.   continuous and discountinuous
     2.   overt and covert
     3.   segmental and supra segmental
     4.   additive and replacive
     5.   continuous and discountinuous
479. What are productive bound morphemes?
     1.   -(e)s [-z, -s, -iz]; -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]
     2.   -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]; -ing
     3.   – er, - est
     4.   -(e)s [-z, -s, -iz]; -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]; -ing; -er, -est
480. How do we call the auxiliary word-morphemes?
     1.   root morphemes
     2.   bound morphemes
     3.   free morphemes
     4.   semi-bound morphemes
481. What are overt morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
482. What are covert morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
483. What are segmental morphemes?
     1.   considered signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound
     2.   functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
484. What are supra segmental morphemes?
     1.   considered signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound
     2.   functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
485. What are additive morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
486. What are replacive morphemes?
     1.   genuine, explicit morphemes building up words
     2.   identified as a contrastive absence of morpheme expressing a certain function
     3.   outer grammatical suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of morphemes in grammatical alternation
     4.   the root phonemes of grammatical interchange, since they replace one another in the paradigmatic forms
487. What is privative opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
488. What is equipollent opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
489. What is gradual opposition of grammatical forms?
     1.   a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or аbsenсе of a feature, but by the degree of it
     2.   a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features
     3.   morphological differential feature which is present in its strong parked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member
     4.   in a paradigm in grammatical descriptions
490. Choose the example to privative morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
491. Choose the example to equipollent morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
492. Choose the example to gradual morphological opposition of grammatical form
     1.   learned – learnt
     2.   work – worked
     3.   am – is – are
     4.   big – bigger – biggest
493. What are classes of grammatical forms?
     1.   inner inflexion and outer inflexion
     2.   stress and intonation
     3.   synthetical and analytical
     4.   sound interchange and suppletivity
494. How are synthetical grammatical forms realised?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
495. How are analytical grammatical forms realised?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
496. What is inner inflexion?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
497. What is suppletivity?
     1.   by the inner morphemic composition of the word
     2.   by a combination of at least two words, one of which is a grammatical auxiliary (word-morpheme), and the other, a word of "substantial" meaning
     3.   phonemic (vowel) interchange
     4.   the correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation
498. What is traditional grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
499. What is structural grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
500. What is transformational grammar referred to?
     1.   “the grammars written by classical Greek scholars, the Roman grammars largely derived from the Greek, the speculative work of the medievals, and the prescriptive approach of the eighteenth-century grammarians”
     2.   “any approach to the analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic features can be described in terms of structures and systems”
     3.   the theory which has been developed by Chomsky since the 1950s till now
501. What does the traditional school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
502. What does the structural school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components until they arrive at a discussion of the sentence itself
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
503. What does the transformational school study?
     1.   defining and classifying English words into parts-of-speech categories, and proceed from there to more inclusive sentences components until they arrive at a discussion of the sentence itself
     2.   an analysis of the sounds of the language in general, and then goes on to isolate mutually exclusive groups of sounds which have semantic significance, the phonemes,… then to the word structure… finally the phrase structure, or syntax, of English… ways in which words can be combined to produce grammatical English sentences
     3.   a set of rules that defines the unlimited number of sentences of the language and associates each with an appropriate grammatical description
504. Traditional grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
505. Structural grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
506. Transformational grammarians make use of terms such as.......
     1.   transformations, generate and generative
     2.   phonemes, morphemes
     3.   subject, object, and complement, singular and plural
507. How is traditional grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
508. How is structural grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
509. How is transformational grammar considered in terms of formal and functional approaches to grammar?
     1.   prescriptive
     2.   descriptive
     3.   mental
510. What is the weak spot of traditional grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
511. What is the weak spot of structural grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
512. What is the weak spot of transformational grammar?
     1.   being sentence-based, it “proved inadequate for generating a whole text”
     2.   insufficient and inadequate for wholly depending on ‘wrong assumptions” in “data-gathering techniques”
     3.   being normative in nature, prescriptive “based largely on intuitions”
513. What is the strong spot of traditional grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
514. What is the strong spot of structural grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
515. What is the strong spot of transformational grammar?
     1.   introducing nearly all the basic concepts and terminology of grammar
     2.   accuracy and innovativeness are to be considered as two elements that can interpret the success of this type of grammar over the other types
     3.   provides a system that describes a language as it is spoken synchronously
516. How is the traditional grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
517. How is the structural grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
518. How is the transformational grammar introduced by Yule?
     1.   as a prescription of how grammar should be used
     2.   as a description of how grammar is used
     3.   the process of generating infinite number of sentences form a finite number of rules
519. The aim of theoretical grammar is.....
     1.   to describe grammar rules that are necessary to understand and make sentences;
     2.   to analyze semantic structure of words and paradigmatic relations within vocabulary;
     3.   to describe and analyze the grammatical system of a language;
     4.   to describe the means of word formation and word-building patterns.
520. What is the proper correlation of the semantic approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
521. What is the proper correlation of the functional approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
522. What is the proper correlation of the formal approach to classify words into parts of speech and their main ideas?
     1.   is based on the similarity of lexical meaning
     2.   concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability
     3.   reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
523. The major tense-distinction in English, according to modern morphological theory, is … .
     1.   best regarded as a contrast of past::non-past
     2.   described only as an opposition of past::present::future
     3.   best regarded as a contrast of present::non-present
     4.   described as an opposition of past::future
524. The grammatical frameworks known as … accounts for communicative aspects of language use.
     1.   Systemic functional grammar;
     2.   Transformational-generative grammar;
     3.   Structural grammar;
     4.   Generative semantics.
525. The Prague school mostly developed … approach in linguistics.
     1.   transformational;
     2.   stratificational;
     3.   structural;
     4.   functional;
526. Charles Fries introduced … .
     1.   parts of speech and function words
     2.   four major classes of words and fifteen form-classes
     3.   declinable and indeclinable parts of speech
     4.   notional and functional parts of speech
527. Which of the syntactic functions is not fulfilled by the noun in English?
     1.   subject;
     2.   predicate;
     3.   attribute;
     4.   object.
528. The verbids cannot function as:
     1.   The verbids cannot function as:
     2.   a predicate;
     3.   n object;
     4.   a subject;
529. Verbal features are combined with the features of the adjectives and the adverbs in:
     1.   the infinitive;
     2.   the gerund;
     3.   participle I and II
     4.   in all three
530. The following tense forms appeared later than others in the course of historical development:
     1.   the present tense forms;
     2.   the past tense forms;
     3.   the future tense forms
     4.   the future in the past
531. Modal shade of meaning is inherent for the verbal forms of:
     1.   the past tense;
     2.   the present tense;
     3.   the future tense.
     4.   the future in the past
532. Verbal aspective semantics in English is rendered:
     1.   only grammatically;
     2.   lexically and grammatically;
     3.   only lexically
     4.   syntactically
533. The category of voice in English includes:
     1.   two voice forms (active and passive);
     2.   three voice forms (active, passive and medial);
     3.   four voice forms (active, passive, medial and reflexive);
     4.   five voice forms (active, passive, medial, reflexive and reciprocal).
534. In which of the following sentences the combination of the verb to be with participle II is compound nominal predicate?
     1.   The door was painted.
     2.   The door is being painted.
     3.   The door was painted by the landlord
     4.   The was being painted
535. “The category of state words” in English (afraid, sorry, etc.) make:
     1.   a separate part of speech;
     2.   a subslass of the adjectives;
     3.   a subclass of the adverbs
     4.   a subclass of the adjectives and adverbs
536. The adverbs that belong to the following group can form the degrees of comparison:
     1.   qualitative
     2.   quantitative
     3.   circumstantial
     4.   relative
537. The most widely accepted theory of the category of case in English is:
     1.   “the theory of positional cases”;
     2.   “the theory of prepositional cases”;
     3.   “ the theory of possessive postpositive” ;
     4.   “ the theory of limited case”.
538. What is the approach of G.Vorontsova and B.Ilyish to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
539. What is the approach of H.Sweet and O.Jespersen to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
540. What is the approach of M.Deutschbein to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
541. What is the approach of M.Blokh to the case system in English?
     1.   the theory of limited cases, which recognizes a two-case system in English
     2.   the theory of ‘null’ case, which argues that English has completely lost the category of case
     3.   the theory of prepositional cases, which treats prepositional constructions as analytic cases
     4.   the theory of positional cases, which identifies the syntactic position, or function, with case
542. Prescriptive Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
543. Classical Scientific grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
544. Structuralism studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
545. Transformational Generative Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
546. Systemic functional Grammar studies can be described as follows:
     1.   is the objective study of a language structure, without reference to meaning and other languages which relies heavily on formal methods of analysis
     2.   focuses on the communicative, as opposed to cognitive, aspect of language and views grammar as a means to realize the three major language metafunctions
     3.   is characterized by patterning after Latin and by the use of logic and subjective opinion in classifying words and in establishing grammatical categories
     4.   studies possible sentences, i.e. the speaker’s-hearer’s knowledge of a language (competence); it aims at a system of formal mathematically precise rules that generates grammatical sentences of the language and assigns to each sentence a structural description
     5.   focuses on actual usage without assessing its correctness and analyses the English of the best contemporary authors
547. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     She undressed before going to bed.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper
548. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     The cakes sold out quickly.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper
549. Define the semantic type of the active voice forms in the following sentence:
     They divorced a long time ago.
     1.   reflexive meaning;
     2.   reciprocal meaning;
     3.   medial meaning;
     4.   active meaning proper
550. What group of languages does English belong to?
     1.   Roman
     2.   Germanic
     3.   Celtic
     4.   Balto-Slavic
551. HISTORIA ECCLESIASTICA GENTIS ANGLORUM is written by…
     1.   Geoffrey Chauser
     2.   Venerable Bede
     3.   Ulfilas
     4.   Thomas More
552. Old English begins with…
     1.   the Germanic settlement of Britain
     2.   the Norman Conquest
     3.   the introduction of printing
     4.   the Scandinavian Invasions
553. Mark the line in which the OE dialects are given in a proper way.
     1.   Kentish, West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian
     2.   Northern, Midland, Southern
     3.   Kentish, Essex, Wessex, Sussex, Northern
     4.   London, East Anglia, Mercian, Kentish
554. What languages were spoken in the British Isles prior to the Germanic Invasion?
     1.   Celtic, Old English, Scandinavian
     2.   Celtic, Latin
     3.   Gothic, French
     4.   Anglian, Saxonian, Jutish, Frisian
555. Mark the line in which the OE monophthongs are given in a proper way.
     1.   i, ī, e, ē, a, ā, o, ō, u, ū, ү, ỹ, æ, ǽ
     2.   Celtic, Latin
     3.   Gothic, French
     4.   Anglian, Saxonian, Jutish, Frisian
556. Which of the following parallels could go back to an OE prototype with palatal mutation?
     1.   man – men
     2.   good – best
     3.   child – children
     4.   go –went
557. What case did not OE noun employ?
     1.   Nominative
     2.   Genitive
     3.   Dative
     4.   Instrumental
558. Choose the wrong definition for the Nominative case
     1.   can be loosely defined as the case of agent, for it was the case of the subject mainly used with the verbs denoting activity
     2.   could also indicate the subject characterised by a certain quality or state
     3.   could serve as a predicative and as the case of address, there being no special Vocative case
     4.   was the chief case used with prepositions
559. Choose the case to which the following definition regards:
     Being a direct object it denoted the recipient of an action, the result of the action. It was the form that indicated a relationship to a verb. It could be used in some adverbial meanings, e.g. to indicate time or distance.
     1.   Genitive
     2.   Dative
     3.   Accusative
     4.   Nominative
560. In what case form of OE are the underlined words employed?
     sē wulf nimþ and tōdǽlþ þā scēap (the wolf takes and scatters the sheep)
     hine nānes þinges ne lyste (nothing pleased him)
     1.   Genitive
     2.   Dative
     3.   Accusative
     4.   Nominative
561. The total number of declensions in OE nouns, including both the major and minor types, exceeded …
     1.   10
     2.   15
     3.   20
     4.   25
562. Mark the wrong statement for the OE nouns
     1.   Though originally a semantic division gender in OE was not always associated with the meaning of nouns
     2.   In most declensions two, or even three, case forms were homonymous, so that the formal distinction of cases was consistent than that of numbers.
     3.   The morphological classification of OE nouns rested upon the most ancient grouping of nouns according to the stem-suffixes, which consisted of vowels, consonants, sound sequences
     4.   Strong declension of nouns included a-stems, ō-stems, i-stems, u-stems, n-stems.
563. Choose the grammatical categories of the demonstrative pronoun þæt in OE
     1.   Acc. Case, feminine, sing.
     2.   Dat. Case, neuter, sing.
     3.   Acc. Case, neuter, sing.
     4.   Nom. Case, plural
564. The category of case in adjectives differed from that of nouns: in addition to the four cases of nouns, they had one more case: It is…
     1.   genitive
     2.   instrumental
     3.   dative
     4.   accusative
565. Choose the way of form building in degrees of comparison that OE did not employ.
     1.   suffixation
     2.   suffixation plus vowel interchange
     3.   suppletion
     4.   analytical way: by means of auxiliary words
566. Mark the wrong statement for the OE verbs:
     1.   The verb-predicate agreed with the subject of the sentence in two grammatical categories: number and person.
     2.   All the forms of verb were synthetic, as analytical forms were only beginning to appear.
     3.   In OE there were two non-finite forms of the verb: the Infinitive and Participle.
     4.   The category of tense in OE consisted of three categorical forms: Present, Past, Perfect.
567. Which of the following definitions is not true for the strong verbs of OE?
     1.   They had a strong agreement with all parts of speech in the sentence, that is why the verbs are called strong.
     2.   They built their past forms by means of vowel gradation and by repeating the root-morpheme.
     3.   They had seven classes with different gradation series.
     4.   The classes differ in series of root-vowels used to distinguish the four stems: Infinitive, P.sing., P.pl., Participle II.
568. In …William of Normandy conquered Britain, which was not only a great event in British political history but also the greatest single event in the history of the English language.
     1.   980
     2.   1066
     3.   1460
     4.   1266
569. The earliest samples of early ME prose are the new entries made in the… from the year 1122 to the year 1154, known as PETERBOROUGH CHRONICLE
     1.   ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLES
     2.   POEMA MORALE
     3.   ANCRENE RIWLE
     4.   KING HORN
570. What part of speech in OE do the following words belong: ic, wit, uncer, þū, ēower, mē?
     1.   pronoun
     2.   adjective
     3.   verb
     4.   noun
571. What class of OE pronoun do the following words belong: sē, þæt, sēo, þa?
     1.   personal
     2.   demonstrative
     3.   interrogative
     4.   indefinite
572. Which of the following parts of speech had strong and weak declensions in OE?
     1.   adjective
     2.   pronoun
     3.   verb
     4.   adverb
573. What form of adjective is employed in the underlined adjective of the following phrase: þā menn sindon Ʒōde (the men are good)?
     1.   comparative
     2.   superlative
     3.   weak
     4.   weak
574. What form of adjective is employed in the underlined adjective of the following phrase:
     Þæt wēste land (that uninhabited land)?
     1.   comparative
     2.   superlative
     3.   weak
     4.   strong
575. Mark the true statement for OE verbs.
     1.   The OE verbs had Present and Past tense only.
     2.   The OE verbs had eight grammatical categories.
     3.   The verb-predicate agreed with the subject and object of the sentence.
     4.   Finite forms regularly distinguished between three numbers: sg, pl and dual.
576. The most important event in the changing linguistic situation was the rise of the … dialect as a prevalent written form of language in Late ME.
     1.   Northumbrian
     2.   Mercian
     3.   London
     4.   West Saxon
577. Mark the line, which best indicates ME dialects.
     1.   Southern, Midland, Northern
     2.   Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, Kentish
     3.   Kentish, South Western, East Saxon, West Saxon
     4.   Scottish, Northern, East Midland, West Midland
578. Mark the proper definition for the Middle English period.
     1.   a period of full inflections
     2.   a period of levelled inflections
     3.   a period of lost inflections
     4.   a period of stressed endings
579. Mark the historical event that had occurred till the Anglo-Saxon Conquest.
     1.   Roman Conquest
     2.   Norman Conquest
     3.   Scandinavian Invasion
     4.   War of Roses
580. Mark the consonant shift in the following examples, which does not change according to Grimm’s Law.
     1.   L. piscus – OE. fisc
     2.   R. яблоко – MnE. apple
     3.   CG. macian – HG. machen
     4.   L. cordis – MnE. heart
581. What period did the Great Vowel Shift occur?
     1.   Early Modern English, between the 14th and the 18th c.
     2.   Transitional period between the Old and Middle English periods
     3.   In the Old English period, in the 9th c.
     4.   After Norman Conquest, in 1066.
582. How was digraph wh pronounced in ME?
     1.   [wh]
     2.   [hw]
     3.   [w]
     4.   [h]
583. What sound have monophthong [e:] in ME kēpen, field developed into after the Great Vowel Shift?
     1.   [i]
     2.   [e]
     3.   [i:]
     4.   [ε:]
584. What names had been applied for the family of languages to which English belongs?
     1.   Aryan, Indo-Germanic
     2.   Roman, Italic
     3.   Iranian, Persian
     4.   Germanic, West Germanic
585. Choose the wrong statement:
     1.   The Romans have never conquered England.
     2.   After the Roman Conquest the Romans made the English people speak Latin. Consequently, there are a lot of Latin borrowings in the English language.
     3.   The name “English” is older than the name “England”.
     4.   The English language of today is the language that has resulted from the history of the dialects spoken by the Germanic tribes.
586. This dialect is known form still scantier remains and is the dialect of the Jutes in the southeast. Which of OE dialect is it spoken of?
     1.   Northumbrian
     2.   Mercian
     3.   West Saxon
     4.   Kentish
587. The only dialect in which there is an extensive collection of texts is in the southwest. Nearly all of OE literature is preserved in manuscripts transcribed in this region. With the ascendancy of the West Saxon kingdom it attained something of the position of a literary standard, and both for this reason and because of the abundance of the materials it is made the basis of the study of OE. Which of OE dialect it is spoken?
     1.   Northumbrian
     2.   Mercian
     3.   West Saxon
     4.   Kentish
588. An examination of the words in an OE dictionary shows that about… percent of them are no longer in use.
     1.   40
     2.   50
     3.   75
     4.   85
589. What grammatical categories has OE verb “finde”?
     1.   Mood, tense, number, person and two debatable categories: Aspect and Voice
     2.   Tense, number, person
     3.   Mood, tense, number
     4.   Tense only
590. Which of the following lines reflect the case system of OE nouns?
     1.   Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative
     2.   Nominative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative, Accusative
     3.   Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative
     4.   Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Instrumental
591. What period of the English language history is the following definition about?
     It lasts from the 5th century to the end of the 11th; the dates of its end as suggested by various authorities range from 1066, which is the year of Norman Conquest, to 1150.
     1.   the Old English period
     2.   the Middle English period
     3.   the Modern English period
     4.   the Early Middle English period
592. What period of the English language history is the following definition about?
     It lasts from the 12th century to the 15th; the period is believed to have ended in 1475, the year of introduction of printing.
     1.   the Old English period
     2.   the Middle English period
     3.   the Modern English period
     4.   the Early Middle English period
593. What period of the English language history is the following definition about?
     This period means the English of the last 6 centuries. Within it, historians usually distinguish the Early New English period from the 15th century to the 17th, up to the age of Shakespeare.
     1.   the Old English period
     2.   the Middle English period
     3.   the Modern English period
     4.   the Early Middle English period
594. Celts began to settle in Britain in …
     1.   the 7th century BC
     2.   the 4th century BC
     3.   the middle of the 5th century AD
     4.   the 1st century AD
595. Which of the following parallels is not an example for the Great Vowel Shift?
     1.   i: > ai
     2.   e: > i:
     3.   a: > o
     4.   o: > ou
596. Which in the following parallels is not an example for the Great Vowel Shift?
     1.   o: > u:
     2.   o: > ou
     3.   u: > au
     4.   æ: > a
597. Mark the line which definitely indicates the OE diphthongs.
     1.   ea, ēa, eo, ēo, īo, io, ie, īe
     2.   ei, ai, oi, au
     3.   au, ou, eu, iu
     4.   ea, ae, iu, ui, ei, ūe, ōi, īe, oæ
598. Mark the line, which shows all the diphthongs, introduced in Middle English period.
     1.   [au], [εi], [εu], [iu], [ou], [oi]
     2.   [au], [εi], [εu], [iu]
     3.   [au], [εi], [εu], [iu], [ou], [oi], [iə]
     4.   [iə], [oə], [εu], [iu], [ou], [oi]
599. What dialects of ME does the London dialect have roots from?
     1.   West Saxon and East Midland
     2.   Kentish and East Midland
     3.   Southern and West Midland
     4.   Northern and Midland
600. What period and century do the works of Chaucer in the history of the English language belong?
     1.   14 c. – Middle English
     2.   Old English and there is no definite date of his creative period
     3.   13 c. – Old English
     4.   15 c. – Modern English
601. The most important event in the changing linguistic situation was the rise of the … dialect as a prevalent written form of language in Late ME.
     1.   Northumbrian
     2.   Mercian
     3.   London
     4.   West Saxon
602. What family of languages does English belong to?
     1.   Indo-European
     2.   Germanic
     3.   Indo-Germanic
     4.   Roman-German
603. What means of form building is used in the following degrees of comparison of OE: Ʒlæd – Ʒlædra – Ʒladost ?
     1.   suffixation
     2.   suffixation + vowel interchange
     3.   suppletion
     4.   analytical means
604. What means of form building is used in the following degrees of comparison of OE: soft - softra – softest ?
     1.   suffixation
     2.   suffixation + vowel interchange
     3.   suppletion
     4.   analytical means
605. What means of form building is used in the following degrees of comparison of OE: Ʒōd – bettra – betest?
     1.   suffixation
     2.   suffixation + vowel interchange
     3.   suppletion
     4.   analytical means
606. What means of form building is used in the following degrees of comparison of OE: lŷtel - lǽssa - lǽst ?
     1.   suffixation
     2.   suffixation + vowel interchange
     3.   suppletion
     4.   analytical means
607. What is common in the following forms of adjectives: blindes – blindre – blindan- blindra?
     1.   They are Genitive case forms for different grammatical categories of OE adjectives
     2.   They are Masculine forms for four of OE cases
     3.   They belong to Dative Case of different genders
     4.   These are Singular forms of Nominative Case forms
608. What case forms of OE do the following pronouns belong: mīn- uncer- ūre?
     1.   Nominative
     2.   Genitive
     3.   Dative
     4.   Accusative
609. What is common in the following forms of OE pronouns: wīt – uncer- unc - uncit?
     1.   They are Masculine forms in four cases
     2.   They are dual forms of the first person in four cases
     3.   They are plural forms of the first person in four cases
     4.   They are plural forms of the Nominative case in the third person
610. What part of speech had dual number forms in OE?
     1.   Noun
     2.   Adjective
     3.   Pronoun
     4.   Verb
611. Which of the following parallels is an example for the Great Vowel Shift?
     1.   a: > o
     2.   e: > i:
     3.   æ: > a
     4.   y: > i:
612. Which of the following parallels is an example for the vowel changes in ME?
     1.   i: > ai
     2.   e: > i:
     3.   a: > o:
     4.   o: > ou
613. What type of consonants arose in the ME period?
     1.   sibilants and affricates
     2.   plosives
     3.   fricatives
     4.   nasals
614. When did the vowel alterations occur in the following parallells: stān – stone; hŷdan – hīdan; strēām - strēme?
     1.   Early ME: from OE into ME
     2.   Late ME: from ME into MnE
     3.   Early MnE: The Great Vowel Shift
     4.   In the early stage of OE: specifically English vowels were formed
615. How many diphthongs were introduced in the ME period?
     1.   4
     2.   5
     3.   6
     4.   7
616. What is the ME diphthong which did not have its origin from OE?
     1.   ai
     2.   oi
     3.   au
     4.   ei
617. Which of the following diphthongs was not introduced in the ME period?
     1.   εə
     2.   oi
     3.   au
     4.   ou
618. Which of the following pairs was grouped as twofold declension?
     1.   pronouns and nouns
     2.   adjectives and nouns
     3.   verbs and adjectives
     4.   numerals and pronouns
619. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: habban – hæfde – hæfd?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   weak verbs
     3.   preterite-present verbs
     4.   minor group of verbs
620. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: lōcian – lōcode – lōcod?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   weak verbs
     3.   preterite-present verbs
     4.   minor groups of verbs
621. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: сēpan – cēpte – cēped?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   weak verbs
     3.   preterite-present verbs
     4.   minor group of verbs
622. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: sculan – sceolde?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   weak verbs
     3.   preterite-present verbs
     4.   minor groups of verbs
623. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: wrītan – wrāt – writon – writen?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   weak verbs
     3.   preterite-present verbs
     4.   minor group of verbs
624. What group of OE verbs are following forms accounted for: findan – fand – fundon – funden?
     1.   strong verbs
     2.   i-stem
     3.   u-stem
     4.   n-stem
625. What stem of OE nouns did weak declension possess?
     1.   a-stem
     2.   i-stem
     3.   u-stem
     4.   n-stem
626. What stem of OE nouns did not strong declension possess?
     1.   a-stem
     2.   i-stem
     3.   u-stem
     4.   n-stem